Bibliography on Fear of Crime @ 01.06.05

Authors of fear of crime related work are invited to email full reference to it to jasonditton@lineone.net for later inclusion in the bibliograpy below. Complete .pdf versions can also be uploaded.

Agnew, R. (1985) "Neutralising the Impact of Crime", Criminal Justice And Behaviour, 12 (2): 221-39.

Akers, R., LaGreca, A., Sellers, C. & Cochran, J. (1987) "Fear of crime and victimisation among the elderly in different types of communities", Criminology, 25 (3): 487-505.

Allatt, P. (1984) "Fear of crime: The effect of improved residential security on a difficult to let estate", The Howard Journal, 23: 170-182.

Altheide, D. (1997) "The news media, the problem frame, and the production of fear", Sociological Quarterly, 38 (4): 647-668.

Altheide, D. & Michalowski, R. (1999) "Fear in the news: A discourse of control", Sociological Quarterly, 40 (3): 475-503.

Altheide, D. (2002) Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis, De Gruyter, New York.

Alvarez, A. & Bachman, R. (1997) "Predicting the fear of assault at school and while going to and from school in an adolescent population", Violence and Victims, 12 (1): 69-85.

Amick-McMullan, A., Kilpatrick, D. & Veronen, L. (1989) "Family survivors of homicide victims: A behavioral analysis", The Behaviour Therapist, 12 (4): 75-79.

Anderson, S., Grove Smith, C., Kinsey, R. and Wood, J. (1990) The Edinburgh crime survey, Edinburgh, The Scottish Office.

Anderson, S., Kinsey, R., Loader, I. and Smith, D. (1994) Cautionary tales: Young people, crime and policing in Edinburgh, Avebury, Adlershot.

Aneshensel, C., Frerichs, R., Clark, V. & Yokopenic, P. (1982) "Measuring depression in the community: A comparison of telephone and personal Interviews", Public Opinion Quarterly, 46: 110-121.

Antunes, G., Cook, F., Cook, T. & Skogan, W. (1977) "Patterns of personal crime against the elderly: Findings from a national survey", The Gerontologist, 4: 321-327.

Archer, D. & Erlich-Erfer, L. (1991) "Fear and loading: Archival traces of the response to extraordinary violence", Social Psychology Quarterly, 54 (4): 343-352.

Arnold, H. (1991) "Fear of crime and its relationship to directly and indirectly experienced victimisation: A binational comparison of models", Ch. 6, pp. 87-125 in K. Sessar & H. J. Kerner (eds) Developments in crime and crime control research, Springer-Verlag, London.

Arthur, J. (1992) "Criminal victimisation, fear of crime and handgun ownership among blacks: Evidence from national survey data", American Journal of Criminal Justice, 16 (2): 121-141.

Arthur, J. (1998) "Proximate correlates of black's support for capital punishment", Journal of Crime and Justice, 11 (1): 159-172.

Atkeson, B., Calhoun, K., Resick, P. & Ellis, E. (1982) "Victims of rape: Repeated assessment of depressive symptoms", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50 (1): 96-102.

Austin, M. & Spine, M. (1991) "Neighborhood conditions and perceptions of safety", Mimeo, paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco.

Baba, Y. & Austin, D. (1989) "Neighborhood environmental satisfaction, victimization, and social participation as determinants of perceived neighborhood safety", Environment and Behavior, 21 (6): 763-780.

Baba,Y. and Austin, D. (1991) "Investigation of a curvilinear relationship: Perceived neighborhood safety and social interaction", Sociological Focus, 24: 45-57.

Bahn, C. (1974) "The reassurance factor in police patrol", Criminology, 12 (3): 338-345. Baker, R. & Mednick, B. (1990) "Protecting the high school environment as an island of safety: Correlates of student fear of in-school victimisation", Children's Environments Quarterly, 7 (3): 37-49.

Baker, M., Neinstedt, B., Everett, R. & McCleary, R. (1983) "The impact of a crime wave: Perceptions, fear, and confidence in the police", Law and Society Review, 17 (2): 319-335.

Baldassare, M. (1986) "The elderly and fear of crime", Sociology and Social Research, 70 (3): 218-221.

Balkin, S. (1979) "Victimisation rates, safety and fear of crime", Social Problems, 26 (3): 343-358.

Balkin, S. & Houlden, P. (1983) "Reducing fear of crime through occupational presence", Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 10 (1): 13-33.

Bandura, A. (1986) "Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy", American Psychologist, 41: 1389-1391.

Banks, M. (2005) "Spaces of (in)security: Media and fear of crime in a local context", Crime, Media, Culture, 1 (2):

Bankston, W., Jenkins, Q., Thayer-Doyle, C. & Thompson, C. (1987) "Fear of criminal victimisation and residential location: The influence of perceived risk", Rural Sociology, 52 (1): 98-107.

Bankston, W. & Thompson, C. (1989) "Carrying firearms for protection: A causal model", Sociological Enquiry, 59 (1): 75-87.

Bankston, W., Thompson, C., Jenkins, Q. & Forsyth, C. (1990) "The influence of fear of crime, gender, and southern culture on carrying firearms for protection", The Sociological Quarterly, 31 (2): 287-305.

Bannister, J. (1993) "Locating fear: Environment and ontological security", Ch. 5, pp. 69-83 in H. Jones (ed) Crime and the urban environment, Avebury, Aldershot.

Bannister, J. & Fyfe, N. (2001) "Fear and the city", Urban Studies, 38 (5/6): 807-13.

Bard, M. & Sangrey, D. (1979) The crime victim's book, Basic Books, New York.

Barnes, A. & Ephross, P. (1994) "The impact of hate violence on victims: Emotional and behavioural responses to attacks", Social Work, 39 (3): 247-251.

Baumer, T. (1978) "Research on the fear of crime in the United States", Victimology, 3: 254-264.

Baumer, T. (1985) "Testing a general model of fear of crime: Data from a national sample", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 22 (3): 239-55.

Bazargan, M. (1994) "The effects of health, environmental, and socio-psychological variables on fear of crime and its consequences among urban black elderly individuals", International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 38 (2): 99-115.

Beck, A. & Willis, A. (1993) The terrorist threat to safe shopping, Centre for the study of Public Order, University of Leicester.

Becker, J., Skinner, L., Abel, G., Howell, J. & Bruce, K. (1982) "The effects of sexual assault on rape and attempted rape victims", Victimology, 7 (1-4): 106-113.

Belyea, M. & Zingraff, M. (1988) "Fear of crime and residential location", Rural Sociology, 53 (4): 473-86.

Bennett, R. & Flavin, J. (1994) "Determinants of fear of crime: The effect of cultural setting", Justice Quarterly, 11 (3): 357-381.

Bennett, T. (1988) "An assessment of the design, implementation and effectiveness of neighbourhood watch in London", Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 27: 241-255.

Bennett, T. (1989) "The Neighbourhood Watch experiment", Ch. 8, pp. 138-152 in R. Morgan and D. Smith (eds) Coming to terms with policing: Perspectives on policy, Routledge, London.

Bennett, T. (1990) "Tackling fear of crime", Home Office Research Bulletin, 28: 14-19.

Bennett, T. (1991) "The effectiveness of a police-initiated fear reducing strategy", British Journal of Criminology, 31 (1): 1-14.

Bennett, T. (1994) "Confidence in the police as a mediating factor in the fear of crime", International Review of Victimology,3: 179-194.

Bernard, Y. (1992) "North American and European research on fear of crime", Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41(1): 65-75.

Biderman, A., Johnson, L., McIntyre, J. & Weir, A.(1967) "Report on a pilot study in the district of Columbia on victimization and attitudes toward law enforcement", President's Commission on Law Enforcement & Administration of Justice. Field Surveys I, Washington D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Biderman, A. & Reiss, A. (1967) "On exploring the 'dark figure' of crime", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November: 1-15.

Biderman, A. & Reiss, A. (1967a) "Surveys of population samples for estimating crime incidence", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November: 16-33.

Biderman, A. (1972) "The impact on criminology of surveys of the general public", Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Psychology, Tokyo, p. 627.

Biderman, A. (1981) "Sources of data for victimology", Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 72 (2): 789-817.

Bilsky, W. (1993) "Blanks and open questions in survey research on fear of crime", pp. 9-19 in Bilsky, W., Pfeiffer, C. & Wetzels, P. (eds) (1993) Fear of crime and criminal victimisation, Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.

Bilsky, W. & Wetzels, P. (1997) "On the relationship between criminal victimisation and fear of crime", Psychology, Crime & Law, 3: 309-318.

Black, S. & Hughes, G. (1995) "The prosecution witness as victim", Mimeo, paper delivered to the British Criminology Conference, Loughborough.

Block, C. & Block, R. (1984) "Crime definition, crime measurement, and victim surveys", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 137-160.

Block, R. (1971) "Fear of crime and fear of the police", Social Problems, 19: 91-100.

Block, R. (1993) "A cross-national comparison of victims of crime: Victim surveys of twelve countries", International Review of Victimology, 2: 183-207.

Block, R. (1993a) "Measuring victimisation risk: The effects of methodology, sampling and fielding", pp. 163-173 in del Frate, A., Zvekic, U. & van Dijk, J [eds] (1993) Understanding crime: Experiences of crime and crime control, UNICRI, Rome.

Boers, K. (1991) "Fear of crime: An explanatory model", Mimeo, paper delivered to the British Criminology Conference, York.

Boggs, S.(1971) "Formal and informal crime control: An exploratory study of urban, suburban, and rural orientations", Sociological Quarterly, 12: 319-327.

Borooah, V. & Cargagh, C. (1997) "Crime and fear: Evidence from Australia", British Journal of Criminology, 37 (4): 635-657.

Bottoms, A., Mawby, R. & Walker, M. (1987) "A localised crime survey in contrasting areas of a city", British Journal of Criminology, 27 (2): 125-54.

Box, S., Hale, C., Andrews, G. (1988) "Explaining fear of crime", British Journal of Criminology, 28 (3): 340-56.

Boydstun, J. (1975) San Diego Field Interrogation: Final Report, Police Foundation, Washington DC.

Brantingham, P., Brantingham, P. & Butcher, D. (1986) "Perceived and actual crime risks", pp. 139-159 in R. Figlio, S. Hakim & R. Renegert (eds) Metropolitan crime patterns, Criminal Justice Press, New York.

Braungart, M., Hoyer, W. & Braungart, R. (1979) "Fear of crime and the elderly", Ch. 2, pp. 15-29 in A. Goldstein, W. Hoyer & P. Monti (eds) Police and the elderly, Pergammon, New York.

Braungart, M., Braungart, R. & Hoyer, W. (1980) "Age, sex and social factors in fear of crime", Sociological Focus, 13 (1): 55-66.

Brillon, Y. (1987) Victimisation and fear of crime among the elderly, Butterworths, London.

Brodt, S. (1987) "'Rape panic': Definition of a crime problem and community response", Free Enquiry in Creative Sociology, 15 (2): 183-7.

Brogden, M. & Nijhar, P. (2002) Crime, Abuse and the Elderly, Willan, Cullompton.

Brooks, J. (1974) "The fear of crime in the United States", Crime and Delinquency, July: 241-4.

Brooks Gardner, C. (1990) "Safe conduct: women, crime, and self in public places", Social Problems, 37 (3): 311-328.

Brown, G. (1980) The Prahan patrol evaluation, Victoria Police Department; Melboume. Brown, L. (1984) "Strategies to reduce the fear of crime", The Police Chief, June: 45-6.

Brown, L. & Wycoff, M. (1987) "Policing Houston: Reducing fear and improving service", Crime and Delinquency, 33 (1): 71-89.

Burbridge, M. (1984) "British public housing and crime: A review" in R. Clark and T. Hope (eds) Coping with burglary, Kluwer-Nijhoff; Boston.

Burby, R. & Rohe, W. (1989) "Deconcentration of public housing: Effects on residents' satisfaction with their living arrangements and their fear of crime", Urban Affairs Quarterly, 25 (1): 117-141.

Burgess, A. & Holmstrom, L. (1978) "Recovery from rape and prior life stress", Research in Nursing & Health, 1 (4): 165-74.

Burnam, M., Stein, J., Golding, J., Siegel, J., Sorenson, S., Forsythe, A. & Telles, C. (1988) "Sexual assault and mental disorders in a community population" Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56 (6): 843-850.

Bursik, R. (1988) "Social disorganisation and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects", Criminology, 26 (4): 519-551.

Burt, M. & Estep, R. (1981) "Apprehension and fear: Learning a sense of sexual vulnerability" Sex Roles, 7: 511-522.

Burt, M. & Katz, B.(1985) "Rape, robbery, and burglary: Responses to actual and feared criminal victimsation, with special focus on women and the elderly", Victimology, 10: 325-358.

Bushman, B. & Craig, A. (2001) "Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation", American Psychologist, 56 (6/7): 477-496.

Byrne, J. & Sampson, R. (1986) (eds) The ecology of crime, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Calhoun, K., Atkeson, B. & Resick, P. (1982) "A longitudinal examination of fear reactions in victims of rape" Journal of Counselling Psychology, 29 (6): 655-661.

Campbell, A., Muncer, S. & Bibel, D. (2001) "Women and crime: An evolutionary approach", Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 6: 481-497.

Carcach, C., Frampton, P., Thomas, K. & Cranich, M. (1995) "Explaining fear of crime in Queensland", Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 11 (3): 271-287.

Cavender, G. & Bond-Maupin, L. (1993) "Fear and loathing on reality television: An analysis of 'America's Most Wanted' and 'Unsolved Mysteries'", Sociological Inquiry, 63(3): 305-17.

Chadee, D. & Ditton, J. (1999) "Fear of crime in Trinidad: A preliminary empirical research note", Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Social Psychology, 4 (1/2): 112-129.

Chadee, D. (2001) "Perception on fear of crime and community: A social psychological assessment", Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies, 26 (3): 23-41.

Chadee, D. (2001) "Fear of crime and the media: From perceptions to reality", Criminal Justice Matters, (43): 10-11.

Chadee, D. (2003) "Fear of crime and risk of victimisation: An ethnic comparison" Social and Economic Studies,

52 (1): 73-97.

Chadee, D. & Ditton, J. (2003) "Are older people most afraid of crime? Revisiting Ferraro and LaGrange in Trinidad", British Journal of Criminology, 43 (2): 417-433.

Chan, W. & Rigakos, G. (2002) "Risk, crime and gender", British Journal of Criminology, 42 (4): 743-761.

Chang, Y. (1990) "Research on fear of crime in China", Police Studies, 13 (3): 125-127.

Chermack, S. (1995) Victims in the news: Crime and the American news media, Westview, Oxford.

Chiricos, T., Hogan, M. & Gertz, M. (1997) "Racial composition of neighbourhood and fear of crime", Criminology, 35 (1): 107-131.

Chiricos, T., Eschholz, S. & Gertz, M. (1997) "Crime, news and fear of crime: Toward an indentification of audience effects", Social Problems, 44 (3): 342-357.

Chiricos, T., Padgett, K. & Gertz, M. (2000) "Fear, TV news, and the reality of crime", Criminology, 38 (3): 755-785.

Christie, N. (1986) "The ideal victim", pp. 17-30 in E. Fattah (ed) From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system, Macmillan, NY, 1986.

Clarke, A. & Lewis, M. (1982) "Fear of crime among the elderly", British Journal of Criminology, 22 (1): 49-62.

Clarke, A. (1984) "Perceptions of crime and fear of victimisation among elderly people", Ageing and Society, 4 (3): 327-242.

Clarke, R. (1983) "Urban crime, fear and stress" Home Office Research Bulletin, 15:5-7.

Clarke, R., Ekblom, P., Hough, M. & Mayhew, P. (1985) "Elderly victims of crime and exposure to risk", The Howard Journal, 24 (1): 1-9.

Clarke, S., Adler, L. & Adler, H. (1983) "Urban crime and the elderly", International Journal of Group Tensions, 13: 76-83.

Clarren, S. & Schwartz, A. (1976) "Measuring a program's impact: A cautionary tale", pp. 121-134 in W. Skogan (ed) Sample Surveys of the Victims of Crime, Ballinger, Cambridge.

Clemente, F. & Kleiman, M. (1976) "Fear of crime among the aged", The Gerontologist, 16 (3): 207-210.

Clemente, F. & Kleiman, M. (1977) "Fear of crime in the United States: A multivariate analysis", Social Forces, 56 (2): 519-531.

Clinard, M. (1978) Cities with little crime: The case of Switzerland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Cohen, L. & Felson, M. (1979) "Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach", American Sociological Review, 44: 588-608.

Cohen, L. & Cantor, D. (1981) "Residential burglary in the United States: Life-style and demographic factors associated with the probability of victimisation", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, January: 113-127.

Cohn, E., Kidder, L. & Harvey, J. (1978) "Crime prevention vs. victimisation prevention: The psychology of two different reactions", Victimology, 3: 285-296.

Cohn, S., Barkan, S. & Halteman, W. (1991) "Punitive attitudes towards criminals: Racial consensus or racial conflict?" Social Problems, 18 (2): 287-296.

Collins, J., Cox, B. & Langan, P. (1987) "Job activities and personal crime victimisation: Implications for theory", Social Science Research, 16: 345-360.

Conklin, J. (1971) "Dimensions of community response to the crime problem", Social Problems, 373-385.

Conklin, J.(1975) "Robbery, the elderly, and fear: An urban problem in search of solution", Ch. 10, pp. 99-110 in J. Goldsmith and S. Goldsmith (eds) Crime and the elderly: Challenge and response, Lexington, Toronto.

Conklin. J. (1975). The Impact of Crime, Macmillan; New York. Cook, R. & Cook, T. (1976) "Evaluating the rhetoric of crisis: A case study of criminal victimisation of the elderly", Social Service Review, December: 632-646.

Cook, F., Skogan, W., Cook, T. & Antunes, G. (1978) "Criminal victimisation of the elderly: The physical and economic consequences", The Gerontologist, 18 (4): 338-349.

Cook, T., Fremming, J. & Tyler, T. (1981) "Criminal victimisation of the elderly: Validating the policy assumptions", Ch. 7, pp. 223-251 in G. Stephenson & J. Davis (eds) Progress in applied social psychology, Volume 1, Wiley, New York.

Cook, R. & Skogan, W. (1984) "Evaluating the changing definition of a policy issue in Congress: Crime against the elderly", pp. 287-332 in H. Rodgers (ed) Public policy and social institutions, JAI Press, New York, 1984.

Cook, F. & Skogan, W. (1990) "Agenda setting and the rise and fall of policy issues: The case of criminal victimistion of the elderly", Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 8: 395-415.

Cordner, G. (1986) "Fear of crime and the police: An evaluation of a fear-reducing strategy", Journal of Police Science and Administration, 14 (3): 223-233.

Corrado, R., Roesch, R., Glackman, W., Evans, J. & Leger, G. (1980) "Life styles and personal victimisation: A test of the model with Canadian survey data", Journal of Crime and Justice, 3: 129-139.

Coston, C. (1992) "The influence of race in urban homeless females' fear of crime", Justice Quarterly, 9 (4): 721-729.

Coston, C. (1993) "Worries about crime: Rank ordering survival concerns among urban transient females", Deviant Behaviour, 14: 365-376.

Courtois, C. & O'Neil, J. (1988) "Editors' Introduction" [to special issue of The Counseling Psychologist on Victimisation and its Aftermath], The Counseling Psychologist, 16 (4): 523-530.

Covington, J. & Taylor, R. (1991) "Fear of crime in urban residential neighbourhoods: Implications of between- and within- neighborhood sources for current models", The Sociological Quarterly, 32 (2): 231-249.

Cowan, C., Murphy, L. & Wiener, J. (1978) "Effects of supplemental questions on victimisation estimates from the national crime survey", Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Section on Survey Research Methods: 277-82.

Croake, J. & Hinkle, D. (1976) "Methodological problems in the study of fears", Journal of Psychology, 93:197-202.

Cullen, F., Clark, G. & Wozniak, J. (1985) "Explaining the get tough movement: Can the public be blamed?", Federal Probation, 49: 16-24.

Cutler, S. (1979-80) "Safety on the streets: Cohort changes in fear", International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 10 (4): 373-384.

Daly, K. (1995) "Where feminists fear to tread? Working in the research trenches of class-race-gender", Mimeo, paper presented to the British Criminology Conference, Loughborough.

David, M. (1961) "The validity of income reported by a sample of families who received welfare assistance during 1959", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57: 680-685.

Davis, F. (1952) "Crime news in Colorado newspapers", American Journal of Sociology, 42: 325-330.

Davis, R., Taylor, B. & Bench, S. (1995) "Impact of sexual and nonsexual assault on secondary victims", Violence and Victims, 10 (1): 73-84.

DeFronzo, J. (1979) "In search of the behavioural and attitudinal consequences of victimisation", Sociological Symposium, 25: 23-39.

DeFronzo, J. (1979a) "Fear of crime and handgun ownership", Criminology, 17 (3): 331-339.

DeKeseredy, W. & MacLean, B. (1991) "Exploring the gender, race and class dimensions of victimisation: A left realist critique of the Canadian Urban Victimisation Survey", International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 35 (2): 143-161.

Denkers, A. & Winkel, F. (1998) "Crime victims' well-being and fear in a prospective and longitudinal study", International Review of Victimology, 5: 141-162.

Dicks, S. (1991) Victims of crime and punishment, McFarland, London.

Ditton, J. & Duffy, J. (1982) "Bias in newspaper crime reports: Selective and distorted reporting of crime news in 6 Scottish newspapers during March, 1981", Background Paper Three, Department of Sociology, University of Glasgow.

Ditton, J. & Duffy, J. (1983) "Bias in the newspaper reporting of crime news", British Journal of Criminology, 23: 159-165.

Ditton, J., Farrall, S., Bannister, J. & Gilchrist, E. (1998) "Measuring fear of crime", Criminal Justice Matters, 31: 10-12.

Ditton, J., Bannister, J., Gilchrist, E. & Farrall, S. (1999) "Afraid or angry? Recalibrating the 'fear' of crime", International Review of Victimology, 6: 83-99.

Ditton, J., Farrall, S., Bannister, J., Gilchrist, E. &. Pease, K. (1999) "Reactions to victimisation: Why has anger been ignored?" Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 1: 37-54.

Ditton, J., Farrall, S., Bannister, J. & Gilchrist, E. (2000) "Crime Surveys and the measurement problem: Fear of crime", Ch. 8, pp. 142-156 in V. Jupp, P. Davies & P. Francis (eds) Doing Criminological Research, Sage, London.

Ditton, J. (2000) "Crime and the city: Public attitudes towards open-street CCTV in Glasgow", British Journal of Criminology, 40 (4): 399-413.

Ditton, J. & Farrall, S. (2000) "Fear of burglary: Refining national survey questions for use at the local level", International Journal of Police Science and Management, 3 (1): 9-18.

Ditton, J. & Farrall, S. (eds) (2000) The fear of crime, International Library of Criminology, Criminal Justice and Penology, Dartmouth, Aldershot.

Ditton, J. (2003) "Worry about housebreaking: Is it affected by employment status?" Scottish Journal of Criminal Justice Studies, 9: 96-99.

Ditton, J., Chadee, D. & Khan, F. (2003) "The stability of global and specific measures of the fear of crime: Results from a two wave Trinidadian longitudinal study", International Review of Victimology, 9: 49-70.

Ditton, J., Chadee, D., Farrall, S., Gilchrist, E. & Bannister, J. (2004) "From imitation to intimidation: A note on the curious and changing relationship between the media, crime and the fear of crime" British Journal of Criminology, 44 (4): 595-610.

Ditton, J. (2005) "Crime and the fear of media", Criminal Justice Matters, 59 (Spring): 4-5.

Dobash, R. & Dobash, R. (1979) Violence against wives: A case against patriarchy. Free Press, New York.

Doeksen, H. (1997) "Reducing crime and the fear of crime by reclaiming New Zealand's suburban street", Landscape and Urban Planning, 39: 243-252.

Dominick, J. (1978) "Crime and law enforcement in the mass media", Ch. 6, pp. 105-138 in C. Winick (ed) Deviance and mass media, Sage,Beverly Hills.

Donnelly, P. (1988) "Individual and neighbourhood influences on fear of crime", Sociological Focus, 22(1): 69-85.

Doob, A. & Macdonald, G. (1979) "Television viewing and fear of victimisation: Is the relationship causal?", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (2):170-179.

Douce, L. (1988) "Victimisation: Our 'hidden' clients", The Counseling Psychologist, 16 (4): 630-634.

Dowds, L. & Ahrendt, D. (1995) "Fear of crime", Ch. 2, pp. 20-42 in Jowell, R., Curtice, J., Park, A., Brook, L. & Ahrendt, D. (eds) (1995) British social attitudes: The 12th report, Dartmouth, London.

Downing, N. (1988) "A conceptual model for victim services: Challenges and opportunities for counseling psychologists" The Counseling Psychologist, 16 (4): 595-629.

Dowler, K. (2003) Media consumption and public attitudes toward crime and justice: The relationship between fear of crime, punitive attitudes, and perceived police effectiveness  Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 10 (2): 109-126.

DuBow, F., McCabe, E. & Kaplan, G. (1979) Reactions to crime: A critical review of the literature, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Law Enforcement & Criminal Justice, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Du Bow, F. & Emmons, D. (1981) "The community hypothesis" in D. Lewis (ed) Reactions to crime, Sage, London.

Dull, R. & Wint, A. (1997) "Criminal victimisation and its effect of fear of crime and justice attitudes", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12 (5): 748-758.

Dussich, J. & Eichman, C. (1975) "The elderly victim: Vulnerability to the criminal act", Ch. 9, pp. 91-97 in J. Goldsmith and S. Goldsmith (eds) Crime and the elderly: Challenge and response, Lexington, Toronto.

Ekblom, P., Law, H. & Sutton, M. (1996) Safer Cities and Domestic Burglary, HORS 162, Home Office, London.

Elias, R. (1984) "Alienating the victim: Compensation and victim attitudes", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 103-116.

Ellis, E., Atkeson, B. & Calhoun, K. (1981) "An assessment of long-term reaction to rape", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90 (3): 263-266.

Elzinga, A. (1996) "Security of taxi drivers in the Netherlands: Fear of crime, actual victimisation and recommended security measures", Security Journal, 7: 205-210.

Ennis, P. (1967) "Criminal victimisation in the United States: A report of a national study", President's Commission on Law Enforcement & Administration of Justice. Field Surveys II, Washington D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Ericson, R. (1991) "Mass media, crime, law, and justice", British Journal of Criminology, 31 (3): 219-249.

Erskine, H. (1974) "The polls: Fear of violence and crime", Public Opinion Quarterly, 38: 131-45.

Eschholz, S. (1997) "The media and fear of crime: A survey of the research", Journal of Law and Public Policy, 9 (1): 37-59.

Eve, R. & Eve, S. (1984) "The effects of powerlessness, fear of social change, and social integration on fear of crime among the elderly" Victimology, 9 (2): 290-295.

Eve, S. (1985) "Criminal victimisation and fear of crime among the non-institutionalised elderly in the United States: A critique of the empirical research literature", Victimology, 10 (1-4): 397-408.

Ewald, U. (2000) "Criminal victimisation and social adaptation in modernity: Fear of crime and risk perception in the new Germany", Ch 9, pp. 166-199 in T. Hope and R. Sparks (eds) Crime, risk and insecurity, Routledge, London.

Farrell, G., Phillips, C. & Pease, K. (1995) "Like taking candy: Why does repeat victimisation occur?" British Journal of Criminology, 35 (3): 384-399.

Farrall, S., Bannister, J., Ditton, J. & Gilchrist, E. (1997) "Open and closed questions" Social Research Update, No. 17.

Farrall, S., Bannister, J., Ditton, J. & Gilchrist, E. (1997a) "Questioning the measurement of the 'fear of crime': Findings from a major methodological study", British Journal of Criminology, 37: 658-679.

Farrall, S. & Ditton, J. (1999) "Improving the measurement of attitudinal response: An example from a crime survey", International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2 (1): 55-68.

Farrall, S., Bannister, J., Ditton, J. & Gilchrist, E. (2000) "Social psychology and the fear of crime: Re-examining a speculative model", British Journal of Criminology, 40 (3): 399-413.

Farrall, S. & Gadd, D. (2004) "The frequency of the fear of crime", British Journal of Criminology, 44 (1): 127-132.

Farrall, S. (2004) "Revisiting crime surveys: Emotional responses without emotions? - or - Look back in anger", International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7 (2): 157-171.

Farrall, S. (2004a) "Can we believe our eyes? A Response to Mike Hough" International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7 (2): 177-179.

Fattah, E. (1989) "Victims and victimology: The facts and the rhetoric", International Review of Victimology,1: 43-66.

Fattah, E. & Sacco, V. (1989) Crime and victimisation of the elderly, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Fattah, E. (1993) "Research on fear of crime: Some common conceptual and measurement problems, pp. 45-70 in Bilsky, W., Pfeiffer, C. & Wetzels, P. (eds) Fear of crime and criminal victimisation, Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.

Feinberg, N. (1981) "The emotional and behavioural consequences of violent crime on elderly victims", Victimology, 6 (1-4): 355-357.

Ferber, R. (1961) "On the reliability of responses secured in sample surveys", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 40: 788-810.

Ferraro, K. & LaGrange, R. (1987) "The measurement of fear of crime", Sociological Inquiry, 57(1): 70-101.

Ferraro, K. & LaGrange, R. (1988) "Are older people afraid of crime?" Journal of Aging Studies, 2 (3): 277-287.

Ferraro, K. & LaGrange, R. (1992) "Are older people most afraid of crime? Reconsidering age differences in fear of victimisation", Journal of Gerontology, 47 (5): 233-244.

Ferraro, K. (1995) Fear of crime: Interpreting victimisation risk, SUNY Press, Albany.

Ferraro, K. (1996) "Women's fear of victimisation: Shadow of sexual assault?" Social Forces, 75 (2): 667-690.

Figgie, (1980) The Figgie report on fear of crime, Ohio.

Figley, C. (1988) "Victimisation, trauma, and traumatic stress" The Counseling Psychologist, 16 (4): 635-641.

Figlio, R., Hakim, S. & Rengert, G. (1986) Metropolitan crime patterns, Criminal Justice Press, New York.

Finley, G. (1983) "Fear of crime in the elderly" in J. Kosberg (ed) Abuse and mistreatment of the elderly: Causes and interventions, John Wright, Littleton Mass.

Fischer, C. T. (1981) "The public and private worlds of city life", American Sociological Review, 46: 306-316.

Fischer, C. S. (1984) "A phenomenological study of being criminally victimised: Contributions and constraints of qualitative research", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 161-178.

Fisher, B. (1991) "A neighborhood business area is hurting: Crime, fear of crime, and disorders take their toll", Crime & Delinquency, 37 (3): 363-373.

Fisher, B. & Nasar, J. (1992) "Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge and escape", Environment and Behaviour, 24 (1): 35-65.

Fisher, B. (1995) "Crime and fear on campus", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539 (May): 85-101.

Fishman, G. & Mesch, G. (1996) "Fear of crime in Israel: A multidimensional approach"" Social Science Quarterly, 77 (1): 75-89.

Fishman, M. (1978) "Crime waves as ideology" Social Problems: 531-543.

Foa, E. & Kozak, M. (1986) "Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information", Psychological Bulletin, 99: 20-35. Foa, E.,

Feske, U., Murdock, T., Kozak, M. & McCarthy, P. (1991) "Processing of threat-related information in rape victims", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100 (2): 156-162.

Forde, D. (1993) "Perceived crime, fear of crime, and walking alone at night" Psychological Reports, 75: 403-7.

Fowler, F., McCalla, M. & Mangione, T. (1979) Reducing residential crime and fear: The Hartford Neighborhood Crime Prevention Program, US Department of Justice, LEAA, NILECJ.

Frank, E. & Stewart, B. (1984) "Depressive symptoms in rape victims", Journal of Affective Disorders, 7: 77-85.

Frieze, I., Greenberg, M. & Hymer, S. (1987) "Describing the crime victim: Psychological reactions to victimisation" Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18 (4): 299-315.

Furedi, F. (1997) Culture of fear: Risk-taking and the morality of low expectation, Cassell, London.

Furstenberg, F. (1971) "Public reaction to crime in the streets", The American Scholar, 40: 601-610.

Furstenburg, F. (1972) "Fear of crime and it's effect upon citizen behaviour", in Biderman, A. (ed) Crime & justice: A symposium, New York, Nailberg.

Gabriel, U. & Greve, W. (2003) "The psychology of fear of crime: Conceptual and methodological perspectives" British Journal of Criminology, 43: 600-614.

Gaquin, D. (1978) "Measuring fear of crime: The National Crime Survey's attitude data", Victimology, 3 (3-4): 314-319.

Garofalo, J. & Laub, J. (1978) "The fear of crime: Broadening our perspective", Victimology, 3: 242-253.

Garofalo, J. (1979) "Victimisation and the fear of crime", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, January: 80-97.

Garofalo, J. (1981) "The fear of crime: Causes and consequences", Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72 (2): 839-857.

Gates, L. & Rohe, W. (1987) "Fear and reactions to crime: A revised model", Urban Affairs Quarterly, 22 (3): 425-53.

Gebotys, R., Roberts, J. & DasGupta, B. (1988) "News media use and public perceptions of seriousness", Canadian Journal of Criminology, 30 (1): 3-16.

Gerbner, G. (1972) "Communication and social environment", Scientific American, 227: 153-166.

Gerbner, G. (1973) "Cultural indicators: The third voice" in G. Gerbner, L. Gross & W. Melody (eds) Communications technology and social policy, John Wiley, New York.

Gerbner, G. & Gross, L. (1976) "Living with television: The violence profile", Journal of Communication, Spring: 173-199.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M. & Signorelli, N. (1980) "The 'mainstreaming' of America: Violence profile No. 11", Journal of Communication, Summer: 10-29.

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Signorelli, N., Morgan, M. & Jackson-Breck, M. (1979) "The demonstration of power: Violence profile No. 10", Journal of Communication, Summer: 177-196.

Gibbs, J. & Hanrahan, K. (1993) "Safety demand and supply: An alternative to fear of crime", Justice Quarterly, 10 (3): 369-394.

Gibson, C., Shapiro, G., Murphy, L. & Stanko, G. (1978) "Interaction of survey questions as it relates to interviewer-respondent bias", Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Section on Survey Research Methods, 251-6.

Gilchrist, E., Bannister, J., Ditton, J. & Farrall, S. (1998) "Women and the 'fear of crime': Challenging the accepted stereotype", British Journal of Criminology, 38: 283-298.

Giles-Sims, J. (1984) "A Multivariate analysis of perceived likelihood of victimisation and degree of worry about crime among older people", Victimology, 9 (2): 222-233.

Ginsberg, Y. (1984-85) "Fear of crime among elderly Jews in Boston and London", International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 20 (4): 257-67.

Girling, E., Loader, I, & Sparks, R. (1998) "A telling table: A case of vigilantism and its aftermath in an English town", British Journal of Sociology, 49 (3): 472-90.

Golant, S. (1984) "Factors influencing the nighttime activity of old persons in their community", Journal of Gerontology, 39 (4): 485-491.

Goldsmith, J. & Tomas, N. (1974) "Crimes against the elderly: A continuing national crisis", Aging, June/July: 10-13.

Goldstein, H. (1977) Policing a free society, Balinger, Cambridge, Mass.

Goldstein, H. (1987) "Toward community-oriented policing: Potential, basic requirements, and threshold questions", Crime & Delinquency, 33 (1): 6-30.

Gomme, I. (1986) "Fear of crime among Canadians: A multi-variate analysis", Journal of Criminal Justice, 14: 249-258.

Gomme, I. (1988) "The role of experience in the production of fear of crime: A test of a causal model", Canadian Journal of Criminology, 30: 67-76.

Goodey, J. (1994) "Fear of crime: What can children tell us?", International Review Of Victimology, 3: 195-210.

Goodey, J. (1997) "Boys don't cry: Masculinities, fear of crime and fearlessness", British Journal of Criminology, 37 (3): 401-418.

Goodey, J. (1998) "Examining the 'white racist/black victim' stereotype", International Review Of Victimology, 5: 235-256.

Goodpaster, G. (1982) "An essay on ending the exclusionary rule", Hastings Law Journal, 33 (5): 1065-1108.

Goodstein, L. & Shotland, R. (1980) "The crime causes crime model: A critical review of the relationship between fear of crime, bystander surveillance, and changes in the crime rate" Victimology, 5: 133-151.

Gordon, M. & Riger, S. (1978) "The fear of rape project" Victimology, 3: 346-347.

Gordon, M., Riger, S., LeBailly, R. & Heath, L. (1980) "Crime, women, and the quality of urban life", Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society (Supplement), 5 (3): S144-S160.

Gordon, M. & Heath, L. (1981) "The news business, crime, and fear" Ch. 11, pp. 227-250 in D. A. Lewis, (ed) Reactions to crime, Sage Criminal Justice System Annals, Sage, London.

Gordon, M. & Riger, S. (1989) The female fear, The Free Press, New York.

Gordon, M, Riger, S., LeBailly, R. & Heath, L. (1980) "Crime, women and the quality of urban life" Signs, 5: l44-l60.

Graber, D. (1980) Crime news and the public, Praeger, New York.

Grade, M. (1989) Report of the working group on the fear of crime, Home Office, London.

Gray, D. & O'Connor, M. (1990) "Concern about and fear of crime in an Australian rural community", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 23: 284-298.

Gray, M., Lesser, D., Rebach, H., Hooks, B. & Bounds, C. (1988) "Sexual aggression and victimisation: A local perspective", Response to the Victimisation of Women and Children, 11 (3) 9-13.

Gray, P. (1955) "The memory factor in social surveys", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50: 344-363.

Greenberg, M. & Ruback, R. (1992) After the crime: Victim decision making, Plenum Press, New York.

Greenberg, S., Rohe, W. & Williams, J. (1982) "Safety in urban neighborhoods: A comparison of physical characteristics and informal territorial control in high and low crime neighborhoods", Population and Environment, 5 (3): 141-165.

Greenberg, J. (1984) "The victim in historical perspective: Some aspects of the English Experience", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 77-102.

Greenstein, M. (1977) "Fear and nonreporting by elders: An invitation to law enforcement", The Police Chief, 46-7.

Greve, W. (1998) "Fear of crime among the elderly: Foresight not fright", International Review Of Victimology, 5: 277-309.

Greve, W. (2004) "Fear of crime among older and younger adults: Paradoxes and other misconceptions", pp. 167-186 in H-J. Albrecht, T. Serassis & H. Kania (eds) Images of Crime II: Representations of Crime and the Criminal in Politics, Society, the Media and the Arts, Max-Planck Institut, Freiburg.

Gubrium, J. (1973) "Apprehensions of coping incompetence and responses to fear in old age", International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 4 (2): 111-125.

Gubrium, J. (1974) "Victimisation in old age: Available evidence and three hypotheses" Crime & Delinquency, July: 245-250.

Gunter, B. & Wober, M. (1983) "Television viewing and public trust" British Journal of Social Psychology, 23: 155-184.

Gunter, B. & Furnham, A. (1984) "Perceptions of television violence: Effects of programme genre and type of violence on viewers' judgements of violent portrayals" British Journal of Social Psychology, 23: 155-184.

Gunter, B. (1987) Television and the fear of crime, J. Libby, London.

Gustafson, P. (1998) "Gender differences in risk perception: Theoretical and methodological perspectives", Risk Analysis, 18 (6): 805-811.

Hagan. J., Gillis, A. & Simpson, J. (1988) "Feminist scholarship, relational and instrumental control and a power-control theory of gender and delinquency" British Journal of Sociology, 39: 301-336.

Haghighi, B. & Sorensen, J. (1996) "America's fear of crime", Ch. 2, pp. 16-30 in T. Flanagan & D. Longmire (eds) Americans view crime and justice: A national public opinion survey, Sage, London, 1996.

Hale, C. (1996) "Fear of crime: A review of the literature", International Review of Victimology, 4: 79-150.

Hale, C., Pack, P. & Salkeld, J. (1994) "The structural determinants of fear of crime: An analysis using census and crime survey data from England & Wales", International Review of Victimology, 3: 211-33.

Hall, R. (1985) Ask any woman: A London enquiry into rape and sexual assault, Falling Wall Press, Bristol.

Hanmer, J. & Saunders, S. (1984) Well founded fear: A community study of violence to women, Hutchinon, London.

Hanmer, J. & Stanko, E. (1985) "Stripping away the rhetoric of protection: Violence to women, law and the state in Britain and the USA", International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 13: 357-374.

Harel, Z. & Broderick, K. (1980) "Victimisation and fear of crime among the urban aged", The Police Chief, March: 34-36.

Harriott, A. (2003) Fear of criminal victimisation in a reputedly violent environment , Social and Economic Studies,

52 (1): 35-72.

Harris, R. (1969) The Fear of Crime, New York, Praeger.

Hartless, J., Ditton, J., Nair, G. & Phillips, S. (1995) "More sinned against than sinning: A study of young teenagers' experience of crime", British Journal of Criminology, 35: 114-133.

Hartnagel, T. (1979) "The perception and fear of crime: Implications for neighborhood cohesion, social activity, and community affect", Social Forces, 58 (1): 176-193.

Hassinger, J. (1985) "Fear of crime in public environments", Journal of Architectural & Planning Research, 2: 289-300.

Hauber, A. & Zandbergen, A. (1996) "Foreign visitors as targets of crime in the Netherlands: Perceptions and actual victimisation over the years 1989, 1990, and 1993", Security Journal, 7: 211-218.

Hauge, R. (1965) "Crime and the press", pp. 147-164 in Scandinavian Studies in Criminology, Vol. 1, Tavistock, London.

Heath, L. (1984) "Impact of newspaper crime reports on fear of crime: Multimethodological investigation", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47 (2): 263-276.

Heath, L. & Petraitis, J. (1987) "Television viewing and fear of crime: Where is the mean world?" Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8 (1&2): 97-123.

Heath, L. & Gilbert, K. (1996) "Mass media and fear of crime", American Behavioural Scientist, 39 (4): 379-386.

Heinzelmann, F. (1981) "Crime prevention and the physical environment", Ch. 4, pp. 87-101, in D. A. Lewis, (ed) Reactions to crime, Sage Criminal Justice System Annals, Sage, London.

Heiskanen, M., Lattila, R. & Seppanen, S. (1991) "Fear of crime - Interim results of a Finnish National Survey", pp. 598-616 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Henig, J. & Maxfield, M. (1978) "Reducing fear of crime: Strategies for intervention", Victimology, 3: 297-313.

Hill, G. D., Howell, F. M. & Driver, E. T. (1985) "Gender, fear, and protective handgun ownership", Criminology, 23 (3): 541-552.

Hindelang, M. (1974) "Public opinion regarding crime, criminal justice and related topics", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, July: 101-118.

Hindelang, M., Gottfredson, M. & Garafalo, J. (eds) (1978) The victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimisation, Ballinger, Cambridge.

Hirsch, P. (1980) "The 'scary world' of the non-viewer and other anomalies: A reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s findings on cultivation analysis, Part I", Communication Research, 7 (4): 403-456.

Hirsch, P. (1981) "On not learning from one's own mistakes: A reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s findings on cultivation analysis, Part II", Communication Research, 8 (1): 3-37.

Hirschel, J. & Rubin, K. (1982) "Special problems faced by the elderly victims of crime", Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 9: 357-373.

Ho Lee, Y. (1997) "Explaining Korean women's fear of crime", International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 21 (2): 317-329.

Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (1996) "Methodology, narrative and the defended subject", Proceedings of the IX International Oral History Conference, Goteburg: 834-843.

Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (1997) "The risk society in an age of anxiety: Situating the fear of crime" British Journal of Sociology, 48 (2): 255-266.

Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (1997a) "Eliciting narrative through the in-depth interview",Qualitative Inquiry, 3 (1): 53-70.

Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (1999) "Gender, generation, anxiety, and the reproduction of culture", Ch. 5, pp. 107-139 in R. Josselson and A. Leiblich (eds) Narrative study of lives, Volume 6, London, Sage.

Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2000) "Biography, anxiety and the experience of locality", Ch. 8, pp. 167-180 in P. Chamberlayne, J. Bornat and T. Wengraf (eds) The biographical turn in social science: Comparative issues and examples, Routledge, London.

Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2000a) "The role of anxiety in fear of crime", Ch 2, pp. 31-49 in T. Hope and R. Sparks (eds) Crime, Risk and Insecurity, Routledge, London.

Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2000b) "Narrative, discourse and the unconscious: Tommy's Case", in M. Andrews, S. Day Sclater, C. Squire and A. Treacher (eds) Lines of narrative, Routledge, London.

Hope, T. (1995) "The flux of victimisation", British Journal of Criminology, 35 (3): 327-342.

Hough, M. & Mayhew, P. (1983) The British Crime Survey: First Report, Home Office Research Study 76, London, HMSO.

Hough, M. & Mayhew, P. (1983) Taking Account of Crime: Key Findings >From The 1984 British Crime Survey: First Report, HORS 86, London, HMSO.

Hough, M. (1985) "The impact of victimisation: Findings from the BCS" Victimology, 20 (1-4): 488-497.

Hough, M. (1995) Anxiety about crime: findings from the 1994 British Crime Survey, Home Office Research Study No. 147, Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate.

Hough, M. (1995a) "Anxiety about crime: findings from the 1994 British Crime Survey", Home Office Research Findings No. 25, Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate.

Hough, M. (2004) "Worry about crime: Mental events or mental states" International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7 (2): 173-176.

Houts, S. & Kassab, C. (1997) "Rotter's social learning theory and fear of crime: Differences by race and ethnicity", Social Science Quarterly, 78 (1): 122-136.

Huey-Long Song, J. (1992) "Attitudes of Chinese immigrants and Vietnamese refugees toward law enforcement in the United States", Justice Quarterly, 9 (4): 703-719.

Hughes, M. (1980) "The fruits of cultivation analysis: A reexamination of some effects of television watching", Public Opinion Quarterly, 44 (3): 287-302.

Humphries, D. (1981) "Serious crime, news coverage, and ideology", Crime & Delinquency, April: 191-205.

Hunter, A. & Baumer, T. (1982) "Street traffic, social integration, and fear of crime", Sociological Inquiry, 52 (2): 122-31.

Innes, M. (2004) "Reinventing tradition? Reassurance, neighbourhood security and policing", Criminal Justice, 4 (2): 151-171.

Innes, M. (2004a) "Signal crimes and signal disorders: Notes on deviance as communicative action", British Journal of Sociology, 55 (3): 335-355.

Ito, K. (1993) "Research on the fear of crime: Perceptions and realities of crime in Japan", Crime & Delinquency, 39 (3): 385-392.

Jackson, J. (2004) "An analysis of a construct and debate: The fear of crime", pp. 35-64 in H-J. Albrecht, T. Serassis & H. Kania (eds) Images of Crime II: Representations of Crime and the Criminal in Politics, Society, the Media and the Arts, Max-Planck Institut, Freiburg.

Jackson, J. (2004a) "Experience and expression: Social and cultural significance in the fear of crime", British Journal of Criminology, 44 (6): 946-966.

Jaeger, C. & Pennock, J. (1961) "An analysis of consistency of response in household surveys", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50: 320-327.

Jaehnig, W., Weaver, D. & Fico, F. (1981) "Reporting crime and fearing crime in three communities", Journal of Communication, 31 (Winter): 88-96.

Jamieson, J. & Neustrom, M. (1987) "Crime in Acadiana: A study of the relationship between fear levels and demographic indicators in Southwest Louisiana", Sociological Spectrum, 7: 327-334.

Janoff-Bulman, R. & Frieze, I. (1983) "A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimisation" Journal of Social Issues, 39 (2): 1-17.

Janoff-Bulman, R. (1985) "Criminal vs. non-criminal victimisation: Victims' reactions", Victimology, 10 (1-4): 498-511.

Janson, P. & Ryder, L. (1983) "Crime and the elderly: The relationship between risk and fear", The Gerontologist, 23 (2): 207-212.

Jaycox, V. (1978) "The elderly's fear of crime: Rational or irrational?" Victimology, 3: 329-334.

Jeffords, C. (1983) "The situational relationship between age and the fear of crime", International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 17 (2): 103-111.

Jones, G. (1987) "Elderly people and domestic crime", British Journal of Criminology, 27 (2): 191-201.

Jones, T., Maclean, B. & Young, J. (1986) The Islington Crime Survey, Aldershot, Gower.

Joseph, J. (1997) "Fear of crime among black elderly", Journal of Black Studies, 27 (5): 698-717.

Junger, M. (1987) "Women's experiences of sexual harassment", British Journal of Criminology, 27(4): 358-83.

Junger, M. (1990) "The measurement of sexual harassment: Comparison of the results of three different instruments", International Review of Victimology, 1: 231-249.

Kahana, E., Liang, J., Felton, B., Fairchild, T. & Harel, Z. (1977) "Perspectives of aged on victimisation, 'ageism', and their problems in urban society", The Gerontologist, 17 (2): 121-129.

Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1972) "Subjective probability: A judgement of representativeness", Cognitive Psychology, 3: 430-454.

Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1973) "On the psychology of prediction", Psychological Review, 80 (4): 237-251.

Kail, B. & Kleinman, P. (1985) "Fear, crime, community organisation, and limitations on daily routines", Urban Affairs Quarterly, 20 (1): 400-408.

Kaniasty, K. & Norris, F. (1992) "Social support and victims of crime: Matching event, support and outcome", American Journal of Community Psychology, 20 (2): 211-241.

Kanner, A., Coyne, J., Schaefer, C. & Lazarus, R. (1981) "Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events", Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 4 (1): 1-39.

Kasper, B. & Aponte, C. (1996) "Women, violence, and fear: One community's experience", Affilia, 11 (2): 179-94.

Keane, C. (1992) "Fear of crime in Canada: An examination of concrete and formless fear of victimisation", Canadian Journal of Criminology, 34 (2): 215-224.

Keane, C. (1995) "Victimisation and fear: Assessing the role of offender and offence", Canadian Journal of Criminology, July: 431-455.

Keane, C & Arnold, R. (1996) "Examining the relationship between criminal victimisation and accidents: A routine activities approach" CRSA/RCSA, 33, (4): 457-479.

Keane, C. (1998) "Evaluating the influence of fear of crime as an environmental mobility restrictor on women's routine activities", Environment and Behaviour, 30 (1): 60-74.

Kearon, T. & Leach, R. (2000) "Invasion of the 'body snatchers': Burglary reconsidered", Theoretical Criminology, 4 (4): 451-472.

Keil, T. & Vito, G. (1991) "Fear of crime and attitudes toward capital punishment: A structural equations model", Justice Quarterly, 8 (4): 447-464.

Kelling. G., Pate, T., Dieckman, D. & Brown, C. (1974) The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A summary report, Police Foundation, Washington D.C.

Kelling, G. (1987) "Aquiring a taste for order: The community and police", Crime & Delinquency, 33 (1): 90-102.

Kelly, K. & DeKeseredy, W. (1994) "Women's fear of crime and abuse in college and university dating relationships", Violence and Victims, 9 (1): 17-30.

Kennedy, L. W. & Krahn, H. (1984) "Rural-urban origins and fear of crime: The case for 'rural baggage'", Rural Sociology, 49 (2): 247-260.

Kennedy, L. & Silverman, R. (1984-85) "Significant others and fear of crime among the elderly", International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 20 (4): 241-256.

Kennedy, L. & Silverman R. (1985) "Perception of social diversity and fear of crime", Environment and Behaviour, 17 (3): 275-95.

Kenney, D. (1986) "Crime on the subways: Measuring the effectiveness of the Guardian Angels", Justice Quarterly, 3 (4): 481-496.

Kerner, H-J. (1978) "Fear of crime and attitudes towards crime: Comparative criminological reflections", Annales Internationales de Criminologie, 17: 83-99.

Kevorkian, N. (1995) "Fear of crime in the Armenian quarter of Jerusalem: Physical and social correlates", pp. 185-197 in J. Eck & D. Weisburd (eds) Crime and Place, Crime Prevention Studies, 4, Criminal Justice Press.

Kidd-Hewitt, D. & Osborne, R. {eds] (1995) Crime and the media: The post-modern spectacle, Pluto, London.

Killias, M. (1990) "New methodological perspectives for victimisation surveys: The potentials of computer-assisted telephone surveys and some related innovations", International Review of Victimology, 1: 153-167.

Killias, M (1990a) "Vulnerability: Towards a better understanding of a key variable in the genesis of fear of crime", Violence and Victims, 5 (2): 97-108.

Killias, M (1991) "Vulnerability and fear of crime", pp. 617-635 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Killias, M. & Clerici, C. (2000) "Different measures of vulnerability in their relation to different dimensions of fear of crime", British Journal of Criminology, 40 (3): 437-450.

Kilpatrick, D., Veronen, L. & Resick, P. (1979) "The aftermath of rape: Recent empirical findings", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 49: 658-669.

Kilpatrick, D., Veronen, L. & Resick, P. (1979a) "Assessment of the aftermath of rape: Changing patterns of fear", Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 1 (2): 133-148.

Kilpatrick, D., Resick, P. & Veronen, L. (1981) "Effects of rape experience: A longitudinal study", Journal of Social Issues, 37 (4): 105-122.

Kilpatrick, D., Best, C., Veronen, L., Amick, A., Villeponteaux, L. & Ruff, G. (1985) "Mental health correlates of criminal victimisation: A random community survey", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53 (6): 866-873.

Kilpatrick, D., Saunders, B., Veronen, L., Best, C. & Von, J. (1987) "Criminal victimisation: Lifetime prevalence, reporting to police, and psychological impact", Crime & Delinquency, 33 (4): 479-489.

Kilpatrick, D., Saunders, B., Amick-McMullan, A., Best, C., Veronen, L. & Resnick, H. (1989) "Victim and crime factors associated with the development of crime-related post-traumatic stress disorder", Behavioral Therapy, 20: 199-214.

King, M. (1992) "Male sexual assault in the community", Ch.1, pp. 1-12 in G. Mezey & M. King (eds) Male victims of sexual assault, OUP, Oxford.

Kinsey, R. & Anderson, S. (1992) Crime and the quality of life: Public perceptions and experiences of crime in Scotland: Findings from the 1988 British Crime Survey, Scottish Office Central Research Unit.

Koffman, L. (1996) Crime surveys and victims of crime, University of Wales Press, Cardiff.

Korinek, L. (1997) "Fear of crime: A contemporary example from the former 'Eastern Bloc'", EuroCriminology, 11: 81.88.

Kosberg, J. (1985) "Victimisation of the elderly: Causation and prevention", Victimology, 10: 376-396.

Koskela, H. & Pain, R. (2000) "Revisiting fear and place: Women's fear of attack and the built environment", Geoforum, 31: 269-280.

Koss, M., Voodruff, W. & Koss, P. (1990) "Relation of criminal victimisation to health perceptions among women medical patients" Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58 (2): 147-152.

Krahn, H. & Kennedy, L. W. (1985) "Producing personal safety: The effects of crime rates, police force size, and fear of crime", Criminology, 23 (4): 697-710.

Krannich, R., Greider, T. & Little, R. (1985) "Rapid growth and fear of crime: A four-community comparison", Rural Sociology, 50 (2): 193-209.

Krannich, R., Berry, E. & Greider, T. (1989) "Fear of crime in rapidly changing rural communities: A longitudinal analysis", Rural Sociology, 54 (2): 195-212.

Kury, H. (1991) "Victims of crime: Results of a representative telephone survey of 5,000 citizens of the former Federal Republic of Germany", pp. 266-304 in, G. Kaiser, H. Kury and H-J Albrecht, Victims and criminal justice: Victimology research - stocktaking and prospects, Max-Planck Institut, Freiburg.

Kury, H. (1992) "Crime and victimisation in East and West", Studies on Crime and Delinquency, 1 (1): 127-45.

Kury, H. & Wurger, M. (1993) "The influence of the type of data collection method on the results of the victim surveys: A German research project", pp. 137-152 in del Frate, A., Zvekic, U. & van Dijk, J [eds] (1993) Understanding crime: Experiences of crime and crime control, UNICRI, Rome.

Kury, H. (1994) "The influence of the specific formulation of questions on the results of victim studies", European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 2 (4): 48-68.

Kury, H. & Ferdinand, T. (1998) "The victim's experience and fear of crime", International Review of Victimology, 5: 93-140.

Kuttschreuter, M. & Wiegman, O. (1998) "Crime prevention and the attitude toward the criminal justice system: The effects of a multimedia campaign", Journal of Criminal Justice, 26 (6): 441-452.

LaGrange, R. & Ferraro, K. (1987) "The elderly's fear of crime: A critical examination of the research" Research on Aging, 9 (3): 372-391.

LaGrange, R. & Ferraro, K. (1989) "Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime", Criminology, 27 (4): 697-719.

LaGrange, R., Ferraro, K. & Supancic, M. (1992) "Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29 (3): 311-34.

Lalli, M. & Savitz, L. (1976) "The fear of crime in the school enterprise and its consequences", Education and Urban Society, 8 (4): 401-416.

Lamneck, S. (1991) "Fear of victimisation, attitudes to the police and mass media reporting", pp. 637-653 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Lane, J. & Meeker, J. (2000) "Subcultural diversity and the fear of crime and gangs", Crime & Delinquency, 46 (4): 497-521.

Lane, J. (2000) "Fear of gang crime: A qualitative examination of the four perspectives", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39 (4): 437-471.

Lane, J. & Meeker, J (2003) "Ethnicity, information sources, and fear of crime" Deviant Behaviour, 24: 1-26.

Langworthy, R. & Whitehead, J. (1986) "Liberalism and fear as explanations of punitiveness", Criminology, 24 (3): 575-591.

Last, P. & Jackson, P. (1988) The Bristol fear of crime project: A preliminary report on fear of crime, Bristol: Avon & Somerset Police.

Launay, G. (1985) "Bringing victims and offenders together: A comparison of two models", The Howard Journal, 24(3): 200-212.

Lavrakas, P. & Lewis, D. (1980) "The conceptualisation and measurement of citizens' crime prevention behaviours", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, July: 254-272.

Lavrakas, P., Lewis D. & Skogan, W. (1980) "Fear of crime and the Figgie Report: America misrepresented", Criminal Justice Newsletter, 11 (22): 3-5.

Lavrakas, P. (1982) "Fear of crime and behavioural restrictions in urban and suburban neighborhoods", Population and Environment, 5 (4): 242-264.

Lawton, M. & Kleban, M. (1971) "The aged resident of the inner city", The Gerontologist, Winter: 277-283.

Lawton, M., Nahemow, L., Yaffe, S. & Feldman, S. (1975) "Psychological aspects of crime and the fear of crime", Ch. 3, pp. 21-29 in J. Goldsmith & S. Goldsmith (eds) Crime and the elderly: Challenge and response, Lexington, Toronto.

Lawton, M. & Yaffe, S. (1980) "Victimisation and fear of crime in elderly public housing tenants", Journal of Gerontology, 35 (5): 768-779.

Laycock, G. & Heal, K. (1989) "Crime prevention: The British experience" in D. Evans & D. Shaw (eds) The Geography of Crime, Routledge, London.

Lebowitz, B. (1975) "Age and fearfulness: Personal and situational factors", Journal of Gerontology, 30 (6): 696-700.

Lee, B. (1981) "The urban unease revisited: Perceptions of local safety and neighborhood satisfaction among metropolitan residents" Social Science Quarterly, 62: 611-629.

Lee, G. (1982) "Sex differences in fear of crime among older people", Research On Aging, 4(3): 282-98.

Lee, G. (1982a) "Residential location and fear of crime among the elderly", Rural Sociology, 47 (4): 655-669.

Lee, G. (1983) "Social integration and fear of crime among older persons", Journal of Gerontology, 38 (6): 745-750.

Lee, J. & Rosenthal, S. (1983) "Working with victims of violent assault", Journal of Contemporary Social Work, December: 593-601.

Lee, M. (1999) "The fear of crime and self-governance: Towards a genealogy", Australiann and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 32 (3): 227-246.

Lee, M. (2001) "The genesis of 'fear of crime'", Theoretical Criminology, 5 (4): 467-485.

Lee, M. (2004) "Governing 'fear of crime'", Ch. 2, pp. 33-52 in R. Hil & G. Tait (eds) Hard Lessons: Reflections on Governance and Crime Control in Late Modernity, Ashgate, Aldershot.

Lejeune, R. & Alex, N. (1973) "On being mugged: The event and its aftermath", Urban Life & Culture, 2 (3): 259-287.

Levi, M. & Jones, S. (1985) "Public and police perceptions of crime seriousness in England and Wales", British Journal of Criminology, 25 (3): 34-250.

Lewis, D. & Maxfield, M. (1980) "Fear in the neighbourhood: An investigation on the impact of crime", Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 17:160-189.

Lewis, D. & Salem, G. (1981) "Community crime prevention: An analysis of a developing strategy", Crime & Delinquency, July: 405-421.

Lewis, D. A. & Salem, G. (1986) Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem, New Brunswick, Transaction Books.

Lewis, H. & Mo. J. (1986) "Burglary insurance: Findings from the British Crime Survey", Home Office Research Bulletin, 22: 33-36.

Liang, J. & Sengstock, M. (1981) "The risk of personal victimisation among the aged", Journal of Gerontology, 36 (4): 463-471.

Lindquist, J. & Duke, J. (1982) "The elderly victim at risk: Explaining the fear-victimisation paradox", Criminology, 20 (1): 115-126.

Lira, L. & Andrade-Palos, P. (1993) "Fear of victimisation in Mexico", Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 3: 41-51.

Liska, A., Sanchirico, A. & Reed, M. (1988) "Fear of crime and constrained behaviour: Specifying and estimating a reciprocal effects model", Social Forces, 66: 760-770.

Liska, A. E. & Baccaglini, W. (1990) "Feeling safe by comparison: Crime in the newspapers", Social Problems, 37 (3): 360-374.

Liska, A., Lawrence, J. & Sanchirico, A. (1982) "Fear of crime as a social fact", Social Forces, 60 (3): 760-770.

Lohman, J. (1983) "Fear of crime as a policy problem" Victimology, 8: 336-343.

Loo, D. & Grimes, R-E. (2004) Polls, politics and crime: The law and order  issue of the 1960s ,

Western Criminology Review, 5 (1): 50-67.

Los, Maria (2002) "Post-communist fear of crime and the commercialisation of security", Theoretical Criminology, 6 (2): 165-188.

Lotz, R. (1979) "Public anxiety about crime", Pacific Sociological Review, 22 (2): 241-254.

Lupton, D. (1999) "Dangerous places and the unpredictable stranger: Constructions of fear of crime", Australiann and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 32 (1): 1-15.

Lupton, D. & Tulloch, J. (1999) "Theorising fear of crime: Beyond the rational/irrational opposition", British Journal of Sociology, 50 (3): 507-523.

Lurigo, A. (1987) "Are all victims alike? The adverse, generalised, and differential impact of crime", Crime & Delinquency, 33 (4): 452-467.

Lynch, J. (1991) "Victim behaviour and the risk of victimisation: Implications of activity-specific victimisation rates", pp. 543-560 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Lynch, J. (1993) "Secondary analysis of international crime survey data", pp. 175-189 in del Frate, A., Zvekic, U. & van Dijk, J [eds] (1993) Understanding crime: Experiences of crime and crime control, UNICRI, Rome.

Lyndesay, J. (1991) "Fear of crime in the elderly", International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6: 55-56.

McCann, I., Sakheim, D., & Abrahamson, D. (1988) "Trauma and victimisation: A model of psychological adaptation", The Counseling Psychologist, 16 (4): 531-594.

McConville, M. & Shepherd, D. (1992) Watching Police, Watching Communities, Routledge, London.

McConnell, E. (1997) "Fear of crime on campus: A study of a southern university", Journal of Security Administration, 20 (2): 22-46.

McCorkle, R. (1993) "Living on the edge: Fear in a maximum-security prison", Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 20 (1/2): 73-91.

McCoy, H., Woolredge, J., Cullen, F., Dubeck, P. & Browning, S. (1996) "Lifestyles of the old and not so fearful: Life situation and older persons' fear of crime", Journal of Criminal Justice, 24 (3): 191-205.

McCreedy, K. & Dennis, B. (1996) "Sex-related offences and fear of crime on campus", Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 12 (1): 69-80.

McDowall, D. (1995). "Firearms and Self-Defense" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 359:130-140.

McGarrell, E., Giacomazzi, A. & Thurman, Q. (1997) "Neighbourhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime" Justice Quarterly, 14 (3): 479-500.

McIntyre, J. (1967) "Public attitudes toward crime and law enforcement", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 374: 34-46.

McKee, K. & Milner, C. (1999) "Fear of crime and the limitation of social activity in older people", Mimeo, Paper presented to the BPS Social Psychology Section Annual Conference, Lancaster.

McKee, K. & Milner, C. (2000) "Health, fear of crime and psychosocial functioning in older people", Journal of Health Psychology, 5 (4): 461-474.

McPherson, M. (1978) "Realities and perceptions of crime at the neighborhood level", Victimology, 3: 321-330.

Maguire, M. (1980) "The impact of burglary upon victims", British Journal of Criminology, 20 (3): 261-275.

Maguire, M. & Pointing, J. (eds) (1988) Victims of crime: A new deal? OUP, Milton Keynes.

Marsh, P. (1986) "Awareness must not breed fear", Town & Country Planning, 55 (5). 149.

Mattson, M. & Rengert, G. (1995) "Danger, distance and desirability: perceptions of inner city neighborhoods", European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3): 70-78.

Mawby, R. (1982) "Crime and the elderly: A review of British and American research", Current Psychological Reviews, 2: 301-310.

Mawby, R. & Brown, J. (1984) "Newspaper images of the victim: A British study", Victimology, 9 (1): 82-94.

Mawby, R. (1986) "Fear of crime and concern over the crime problem amongst the elderly", Journal of Community Psychology, 14: 300-6.

Mawby, R. & Gill, M. (1987) Crime Victims, Tavistock, London. Mawby, R. (1988) "Age, vulnerability and the impact of crime", Ch 11, pp. 101-111 in M. Maguire & J. Pointing (eds)(1988) Victims of crime: A new deal? OUP, Milton Keynes.

Mawby, R. & Walklate, S. (1997) "The impact of burglary: A tale of two cities". International Review of Victimology, 4: 267-295.

Mawby, R., Brunt, P. & Hambly, Z. (2000) "Fear of crime among British holidaymakers", British Journal of Criminology, 40 (3): 468-479.

Maxfield, M. G. (1984) Fear of crime in England & Wales, London, HMSO.

Maxfield, M. (1984a) "The limits of vulnerability in explaining fear of crime: A comparative neighborhood analysis", Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21 (3): 233-50.

Maxfield, M. G. (1987) Explaining the fear of crime: Evidence from the 1984 British Crime Survey, HORP 41, Home Office, London.

May, D. & Dunaway, R. (2000) "Predictors of fear of criminal victimisation at school among adolescents", Sociological Spectrum, 20: 149-168.

Mayhew, P. & Hough, M. (1982) "The British Crime Survey", Home Office Research Bulletin, 14: 24-27.

Mayhew, P. (1985) "The effects of crime: Victims, the public and fear", Research on Victimisation, Council of Europe, Collected Studies in Criminological Research, Vol. XXIII.

Mayhew, P. (1987) "How are we faring on the burglary front? A comparison with the US and Canada", Home Office Research Bulletin, 23: 42-47.

Mayhew, P. & Elliott, D. (1987) "Examining self-reported offending through the British Crime Survey", Mimeo.

Mayhew, P. & Hough, M. (1988) "The British Crime Survey: Origins and impact", Ch 16, pp. 156-163 in M. Maguire & J. Pointing (eds)(1988) Victims of crime: A new deal? OUP, Milton Keynes.

Mayhew, P., Elliot, D. & Dowds, L. (1989) "The 1988 British Crime Survey", Home Office Research Study No. 111, London, HMSO.

Mayhew, P. & Hough, M. (1991) "The British crime survey: The first ten years", pp. 305-331 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Mayhew, P., Aye Maung, N. (1992) "Surveying Crime: Findings from the 1992 British Crime Survey", Home Office Research Findings No. 2, Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate.

Mayhew, P., Aye Maung, N. & Mirrless-Black, C. (1993) "The 1992 British Crime Survey", Home Office Research Study 132, London, HMSO.

Mayhew, P. (1993) "Measuring the effects of crime in victimisation surveys", pp. 187-200 in W. Bilsky, C. Pfeiffer & P. Wetzels (eds) The fear of crime and criminal victimisation, Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.

Mayhew, P. (1994) "Comment on 'Victimisation Surveys", European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 2 (4): 36-47.

Mayhew, P. & van Dijk, J. (1997) Criminal victimisation in eleven industrialised countries: Key findings from the 1996 International Crime Victims Survey, Research and Documentation Centre report 162, Ministry of Justice, The Netherlands.

Mayhew, P. (2000) "Researching the state of crime: Local, national, and international crime surveys", Ch 3, pp. 91-120 in R. King & E. Wincup (eds) Doing Research on Crime and Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Mellstrom, M., Zuckerman, M. & Cicala, G. (1974) "Anxiety: General vs specific trait in the prediction of snake fear", Psychological Reports, 33: 317-318.

Mellstrom, M., Cicala, G. & Zuckerman, M. (1976) "General vs specific trait anxiety measures in the prediction of fear of snakes, heights, and darkness", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44: 83-91.

Merry, S. (1981) "Defensible space undefended: Social factors in crime control through environmental design", Urban Affairs Quarterly, 16:397-422.

Merry, S. (1981) Urban danger: Life in a neighborhood of strangers, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.

Mesch, G. & Fishman, G. (1998) "Fear of crime and individual crime protective actions in Israel", International Review Of Victimology, 5: 311-330.

Mesch, G. (2000) "Perceptions of risk, lifestyle activities, and fear of crime", Deviant Behaviour, 21 (1): 47-62.

Mesch, G. (2000a) "Women's fear of crime: The role of fear for the well-being of significant others", Violence and Victims, (forthcoming).

Miers, D. (1992) "The responsibilities and the rights of victims of crime", The Modern Law Review, 55 (4): 482-505.

Miethe, T. and Lee, G. (1984) "Fear of crime among older people: A reassessment of the predictive power of crime related factors" Sociological Quarterly, 25: 397-4l5.

Miethe, T., Stafford, M. & Long, J. (1987) "Social differentiation in criminal victimisation: A test of routine activities/lifestyle theories", American Sociological Review, 52 (April): 184-194.

Miethe, T. (1995) "Fear and withdrawal from urban life", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539: 15-27.

Miller, G. (1956) "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information", Psychological Review, 63 (2): 81-97.

Mirande, A. (1984) "Fear of crime and fear of the police in a Chicano community", Sociology and Social Research, 64 (4): 28-541.

Mirrlees-Black, C. & Aye Maung, N. (1994) "Fear of Crime: Findings from the 1992 British Crime Survey", Home Office Research Findings No. 9, Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate.

Mirrlees-Black, C., Mayhew, P. & Percy, A. (1996) "The 1996 British Crime Survey, England and Wales", Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 19/96, Home Office, London.

Moeller, G. (1989) "Fear of criminal victimisation: The effect of neighborhood racial composition", Sociological Inquiry, 59 (2): 208-221.

Moore, M. & Trojanowicz, R. (1988) "Police and the fear of crime", Perspectives on Policing: 31-7.

Morgan, M. (1983) "Symbolic victimisation and real world fear", Human Communication Research, 9 (2): 146-157.

Morgan, P. (1978) Delinquent fantasies, Temple Smith, London.

MORI (1994) Public attitudes to crime: Research study conducted for Reader's Digest Magasine, MORI, London.

Mosconi, G. & Padovan, D. (2004) "Social capital, insecurity and fear of crime", pp. 137-166 in H-J. Albrecht, T. Serassis & H. Kania (eds) Images of Crime II: Representations of Crime and the Criminal in Politics, Society, the Media and the Arts, Max-Planck Institut, Freiburg.

Mugford, S. (1984) "Fear of crime - rational or not? A discussion and some Australian data", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 17: 267-275.

Mullen, R. & Donnermeyer, J. (1985) "Age, trust, and perceived safety from crime in rural areas", The Gerontologist, 25 (3): 237-242.

Murray, C. (1983) "The physical environment and community control of crime" in J. Wilson (ed) In Crime and Public Policy Institute for Policy Studies, San Francisco.

Myers, S. & Chung, C. (1998) "Criminal perceptions and violent criminal victimisation", Contemporary Economic Policy, XVI (July): 321-333.

Nair, G., Ditton, J. & Phillips, S. (1993) "Environmental improvements and the fear of crime: The sad case of the 'Pond' area in Glasgow", British Journal of Criminology, 33 (4): 555-561.

Nasar, J. (1981-2) "A model relating visual attributes in the residential environment to fear of crime", Journal of Environmental Systems, 11 (3): 247-255.

Nasar, J. & Fisher, B. (1992) "Design for vulnerability: Cues and reactions to fear of crime", Sociology and Social Research, 76 (2): 48-58.

Neter, J. & Waksberg, J. (1964) "A study of response errors in expenditures data from household interviews", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 59: 18-55.

Newburn, T. & Stanko, E. A. (1994) "When men are victims: The failure of victimology", Ch 9, pp. 153-165 in T. Newburn and E. Stanko (eds) Just boys doing business? Men, masculinities and crime, Routledge, London.

Newheart Smith, L. & Hill, G. (1991) "Perceptions of crime seriousness and fear of crime", Sociological Focus, 24 (4): 315-27.

Newman, 0. (1972) Defensible Space, MacMillan, New York.

Newman, O. & Franck, K. (1982) "The Effects of building size on personal crime and fear of crime", Population & Environment, 5: 203-220.

Nikolic-Ristanovic, V. (1995) "Fear of crime in Belgrade", International Review of Victimology, 4: 15-31.

Nikolic-Ristanovic, V. (1998) "Victims and Police in Belgrade", International Review of Victimology, 6: 49-62.

Normoyle, J. & Lavrakas, P. J. (1984) "Fear of crime in elderly women: Perceptions of control, predictability and territoriality", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10 (2): 191-220.

Normoyle, J. (1987) "Fear of crime and satisfaction among elderly public housing residents: the impact of residential segregation" Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8 (3): 193-207.

Normoyle, J. & Foley, J. (1988) "The defensible space model of fear and elderly public housing residents", Environment and Behaviour, 20 (1): 50-74.

Norris, F., Kaniasty, K. & Scheer, D. (1990) "Use of mental health services among victims of crime: Frequency, correlates, and subsequent recovery", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58 (5): 538-547.

Norris, F. & Kaniasty, K. (1992) "A longitudinal study of the effects of various crime prevention strategies on criminal victimisation, fear of crime, and psychological distress", American Journal of Community Psychology, 20 (5): 625-648.

Norris, F. & Kaniasty, K. (1994) "Psychological distress following criminal victimisation in the general population: Cross-sectional, Longitudinal and Prospective Analyses", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62 (1): 111-123.

Norris, F. & Johnson, K. (1988) "The effects of 'self-help'- precautionary measures on criminal victimisation and fear: Implications for crime-prevention policy", Journal of Urban Affairs, 10 (2): 161-181.

Norton, L. & Courlander, M. (1982) "Fear of crime among the elderly: The role of crime prevention programs", The Gerontologist, 22 (4): 388-393.

O'Bryant, S., Donnermeyer, J. & Stafford, K. (1991) "Fear of crime and perceived risk among older widowed women", Journal of Community Psychology, 19 (April): 166-177.

Oc, T. & Tiesdell, S. (1998) "City centre management and safer cities centres: Approaches in Coventry and Nottingham", Cities, 15 (2): 85-103.

O'Connor, M. (1983) "Concern and fear of crime in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia", Australian Journal of Social Issues, 18 (4): 259-267.

O'Keefe, G. (1984) "Public views on crime: Television exposure and media credibility", Ch. 19, pp. 514-535 in R. Bostrom (ed) Communication Yearbook, Vol. 8, Beverly Hills, Sage.

O'Keefe, G. & Reid-Nash, K. (1987) "Crime news and real-world blues", Communication Research, 14 (2): 147-163.

Ollenburger, J. (1981) "Criminal victimisation and fear of crime" Research on Aging, 3 (1): 101-118.

Onyeozili, E. (1994) "Fear of crime on private urban historically black college and university campuses", Mimeo, paper presented to American Society for Criminology Annual Meeting, Miami.

Ortega, S. & Myles, J. (1987) "Race and gender effects on fear of crime: An interactive model with age", Criminology, 25: 133-52.

Orzek, A. & Loganbill, C. (1985) "Treatment strategies for fear of crime among the elderly", Clinical Gerontologist, 41 (1): 17-29.

Osborn, D., Ellingworth, D., Hope, T. & Trickett, A. (1995) "Are repeatedly victimised households different?" Mimeo.

Ostrihanska, Z. & Wojcik, D. (1993) "Burglaries as seen by the victims", International Review of Victimology, 2: 217-225.

Otis, M. & Skinner, W. (1994) "Fear of crime and the experience of lesbians and gay men: Findings of the trilogy project", Mimeo, paper presented to the American Society of Criminology Meeting, Miami.

Ouimet, M. & Coyle, E. (1991) "Fear of crime and sentencing punitiveness: Comparing the general public and court practitioners", Canadian Journal of Criminology, April: 149-162.

Pain, R. (1991) "Space, sexual violence and social control: Integrating geographical and feminist analyses of women's fear of crime" Progress in Human Geography, 15 (4): 415-431.

Pain, R. (1993) "Women's fear of sexual violence: Explaining the spatial paradox", Ch 4, pp. 55-68 in H. Jones (ed) Crime & The Urban Environment, Avebury, Aldershot.

Pain, R. (1995) "Elderly women and fear of violent crime: The least likely victims?", British Journal of Criminology, 35 (4): 584-598.

Pain, R. (1995a) "Local contexts and the fear of crime: Elderly people in North East England", Northern Economic Review, 24: 96-111.

Pain, R. (1997) "'Old age' and ageism in urban research: The case of fear of crime", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21 (1): 117-128.

Pain, R. (1997a) "Whither women's fear? Perceptions of sexual violence in public and private space", International Review of Victimology, 4: 297-312.

Pain, R. (1997b) "Social geographies of women's fear of crime", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 22 (2): 231-244.

Pain, R. (2000) "Place, social relations and the fear of crime: A review" Progress in Human Geography, 24 (3): 365-387.

Pain, R. (2001) "Gender, race, age and fear in the city", Urban Studies, 38 (5/6): 899-913.

Painter, K. (1988) Lighting and crime prevention: The Edmonton project, Middlesex Polytechnic, London.

Painter, K. (1989a) Lighting and crime prevention for community safety: The Tower Hamlets study 1st report, Middlesex Polytechnic, London.

Painter, K. (1989b) Crime prevention and public lighting with special focus on women and elderly people, Middlesex Polytechnic, London.

Painter, K. (1991a) Wife rape, marriage and the law, Manchester University.

Painter, K. (1991b) An evaluation of public lighting as a crime prevention strategy with special focus on women and elderly people, Middlesex Polytechnic, London.

Painter, K. (1995) "The 'facts' of fear", Criminal Justice Matters, 19: 25.

Painter, K. & Farrington, D. (1998) "Criminal victimisation on a Caribbean island", International Review of Victimology, 6: 1-16.

Pantazis, C. (2000) "'Fear of crime': Vulnerability and Poverty", British Journal of Criminology, 40 (3): 414-436.

Parker, K. (1988) "Back and white differences in perceptions of fear of crime", The Journal of Social Psychology, 128 (4): 487-94.

Parker, K., McMorris, B., Smith, E. & Murty, K. (1993) "Fear of crime and the likelihood of victimisation: A bi-ethnic comparison", The Journal of Social Psychology, 133 (5): 723-32.

Parker, K. & Ray, M. (1990) "Fear of crime: An assessment of related factors", Sociological Spectrum, 10: 29-40.

Pate, A., Wycoff, M., Skogan, W. & Sherman, L. (1986) Reducing fear of crime in Houston and Newark: A summary report, NIJ.

Patterson, A. (1978) "Territorial behaviour and fear of crime in the elderly", Environmental Behaviour and Nonverbal Behaviour, 2 (3): 131-144.

Patterson, A. (1985) "Fear of crime and other barriers to use of public transportation by the elderly" Journal of Architecture and Planning Research, 2: 277-288.

Patterson, I. & Chang, M. (1999) "Participation in physical activities by older Australians: A review of the social psychological benefits and constraints", Australian Journal on Ageing, 8 (4): 179-185.

Payne, D. (1992) Crime in Scotland: Findings from the 1988 British Crime Survey, Scottish Office Central Research Unit.

Pearson, F. & Toby, J. (1991) "Fear of school-related predatory crime", Sociology and Social Research, 75 (2): 117-125.

Perkins, D. & Taylor, R. (1996) "Ecological assessment of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications", American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1): 63-107.

Perloff, L. (1983) "Perceptions of vulnerability to victimisation", Journal of Social Issues, 39 (2): 41-61.

Perry, J., Hsieh, C-C. & Puch, M. (1994) "Fear of crime and city nightlife", Journal of Crime and Justice, 17 (1): 69-84.

Perse, E., Ferguson, D. & McLeod, D. (1994) "Cultivation in the newer media environment", Communication Research, 21 (1): 79-104.

Pfuhl, E. (1992) "Crimestoppers: The legitimation of snitching", Justice Quarterly, 9 (3): 505-528.

Piepe, A., Crouch, J. & Emerson, M. (1977) "Violence and television" New Society, 41: 536-538.

Pitsela, A. (1991) "Results of victim survey research in a small Greek town with particular reference to attitudes towards crime and the criminal justice system", pp. 730-762 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Pleysier, S., Vervaeke, G. & Goethals, J. (2004) "Cross-cultural invariance and gender bias when measuring 'fear of crime'", International Review of Victimology, 10: 245-260.

Pollack, L. & Patterson, A. (1980) "Territoriality and fear of crime in elderly and nonelderly homeowners", The Journal of Social Psychology, 111: 119-129.

Polvi, N., Looman, T., Humphries, C. & Pease, K. (1990) "Repeat break-and-enter victimisation: Time course and crime prevention opportunity", Journal of Police Science and Administration, 17 (1): 8-11.

Poulos, T. (1994) "The Impact of victim-offender interactions on the sentencing behaviour of judges in cases of sexual assault", Mimeo, paper presented to the American Society of Criminology Meeting, Miami.

Poveda, T. (1972) "The fear of crime in a small town", Crime & Delinquency, April: 147-153.

Priyadarsini, S. (1984) "Crime news in newspapers: A case study in Tamil Nadu, India", Deviant Behaviour, 5: 313-326.

Rader, N. (2004) "The threat of victimisation: A theoretical reconceptualisation of fear of crime", Sociological Spectrum, 24 (6): 689-704.

Radloff, L. (1977) "The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population", Applied Psychological Measurement, 1 (3): 385-401.

Rainwater, L. (1966) "Fear and the house-as-haven in the lower class", Journal of the American Institute of Planning, 32: 23-31.

Reid, L. & Roberts, J. (1998) "Fear of crime and collective action: An analysis of coping strategies", Sociological Enquiry, 68 (3): 312-328.

Reiner, R. (1997) "Media made criminality: The representation of crime in the mass media", Ch 5, pp. 189-232 in M. Maguire, R. Morgan & R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (2nd edition), Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Reiner, R., Livingstone, S. & Allen, J. (2000) "No more happy endings? The media and popular concern about crime since the Second World War", Ch. 6, pp. 107-126 in T. Hope and R. Sparks (eds) Crime, risk and insecurity, Routledge, London.

Reiss, A. (1967) "Studies in crime and law enforcement in major metropolitan areas", President's Commission on Law Enforcement & Administration of Justice. Field Surveys III, Washington D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Reiss, A. (1986) "Official and survey statistics", pp. 53-79 in E. Fattah (ed) From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system, Macmillan, NY, 1986.

Resick, P., Jordan, C., Girelli, S., Hutter, C. & Marhoefer-Dvorak, S. (1988) "A comparative outcome study of behavioural group therapy for sexual assault victims", Behavioural Therapy, 19: 385-407.

Riger, S. (1981) "On women" in D. Lewis (ed) Reactions to crime, London, Sage.

Riger, S., Gordon, M. & LeBailly, R. (1978) "Women's fear of crime: >From blaming to restricting the victim", Victimology, 3 (3-4): 274-284.

Riger, S., Gordon, M. & LeBailly, R. (1978) "Coping with urban crime: Women's use of precautionary behaviours" American Journal of Community Psychology, 10: 369-386.

Riger, S., LeBailly, R. & Gordon, M. (1981) "Community ties and urbanites' fear of crime: An ecological investigation", American Journal of Community Psychology, 9 (6): 653-65.

Riger, S. and Gordon, M. (1981) "The fear of rape: A study in social control" Journal of Social Issues, 37: 71-148.

Riger, S. (1985) "Crime as an environmental stressor", Journal of Community Psychology, 13: 270-280.

Riggs, D., Cancu, C., Gershuny, B., Greenbert, D. & Foa, E. (1992) "Anger and post-traumatic stress disorder in female crime victims", Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5 (4): 613-625.

Roberts, M., Cook, D., Roche, M. & Desai, S. (2001) "Just noise? Newspaper crime reporting and the fear of crime", Criminal Justice Matters, 43 (Spring): 12-13.

Robinson, J., Lawton, B., Taylor, R. & Perkins D. (2003) "Multilevel longitudinal impacts of incivilities: Fear of crime, expected safety and block satisfaction" Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19 (3): 237-274.

Rock, P. (1986) "Society's attitude to the victim", pp. 31-52 in E. Fattah (ed) From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system, Macmillan, NY, 1986.

Rock, R (1988) "Crime reduction initiatives on problem estates" in T. Hope & M. Shaw (eds) Communities and crime reduction, HMSO, London.

Rohe, W. & Burby, R. (1988) "Fear of crime in public housing", Environment and Behaviour, 20 (6): 700-720.

Roiste, Aine de (1996) "Sources of worry and happiness in Ireland", Irish Journal of Psychology, 17 (3): 193-212.

Rosenbaum, D. (1987) "The theory and research behind neighborhood watch: Is it a sound fear and crime reduction strategy?" Crime & Delinquency, 33 (1): 103-134.

Rosenbaum, D. (1988) "A critical eye on neighbourhood watch: Does it reduce crime and fear?" in T. Hope & M. Shaw (eds) Communities and crime reduction, HMSO, London.

Rosenthal, J. (1969) "The cage of fear in cities beset by crime", Life, 67 (2): 17-21.

Roshier, B. (1973) "The selection of crime news by the press", Ch. 2, pp. 28-39 in S. Cohen and J. Young (eds) The manufacture of news: Deviance, social problems & the mass media, Constable, London.

Ross, C. (1993) "Fear of victimisation and health", Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 9 (2): 159-175.

Rossi, P., Simpson, J. & Miller, J. (1985) "Beyond crime seriousness: Fitting the punishment to the crime", Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 1 (1): 59-90.

Rountree, P. & Land, K. (1996) "Perceived risk versus fear of crime: Empirical evidence of conceptually distinct reactions in survey data", Social Forces, 74 (4): 1353-1403.

Rountree, P. (1998) "A reexamination of the crime-fear linkage", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35 (3): 341-72.

Ruback, R., Greenbert, M. S. & Westcott, D. (1984) "Social influence and crime-victim decision making", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 51-76.

Rucker, R. (1990) "Urban crime: Fear of victimisation and perceptions of risk", Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 18 (2): 151-160.

Sacco, V. (1982) "The effects of mass media on perceptions of crime: A reanalysis of the issues", Pacific Sociological Review, 25 (4): 475-493.

Sacco, V. (1985) "City size and perceptions of crime", Canadian Journal of Sociology, 10 (3): 277-293.

Sacco, V. (1985a) "Perceptions of crime and anomic adaptations" Crimcare Journal, 1 (2): 86-94.

Sacco, V. & Glackman, W. (1987) "Vulnerability, locus of control and worry about crime", Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 6 (1): 99-111.

Sacco, V. (1990) "Gender, fear, and victimisation: A preliminary application of power-control theory" Sociological Spectrum, 10: 485-506.

Sacco, V. (1993) "Social support and the fear of crime", Canadian Journal of Criminology, 35 (2): 187-96.

Sales, E., Baum, M. & Shore, B. (1984) "Victim readjustment following assault", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 117-136.

Sampson, R. & Wooldredge, D. (1986) "Evidence that high crime rates encourage migration away from central cities", Sociology and Social Research, 70 (4): 10-314.

Sampson, R. & Goves, W. (1989) "Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganisation theory", American Journal of Sociology, 94 (4): 774-802.

Sarnoff, I. & Zimbardo, P. (1961) "Anxiety, fear, and social affiliation", Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62 (2): 356-363.

Scheingold, S. (1984) The politics of law and order: Street crime and public policy, Longman, New York.

Schneider, A. (1981) "Methodological problems in victim surveys and their implications for research in victimology", The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72 (2):818-838.

Schneider, N. (1988) "Locus of control as it relates to powerlessness, gender, age and victimisation", Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 16 (1): 99-102.

Schooler, K. (1976) "Effect of environment on morale", The Gerontologist, 10 (3): 194-7.

Schwartz, A. & Clarren, S. (1977) The Cincinatti Team Policing: A summary report, Police Foundation, Washington D.C.

Schwarzenegger, C. (1991) "Public attitudes to crime: Findings of the Zurich victim survey", pp. 681-729 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Schwarzenegger, C. (1994) "Fear of crime as a social problem in industrialised countries - is Japan an exception?" Hosei Riron, 27 (2): 218-230.

Schwarzenegger, C., Niggli, M., Juchli, K. & Pfister, F. (1996) "Students as victims of crime: Victimisation experiences, reporting behaviour, and fear of crime among law students in Japan and Switzerland", Japanese Journal of Victimology, 6: 130-150.

Schweitzer, J., Kim, J. & Mackin, J. (1999) "The impact of the built environment on crime and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods", Journal of Urban Technology, 6 (3): 59-73.

Schwind, H-D. (1991) "Fear of crime in Germany - A report about three population surveys: 1975/1986/1989", pp. 655-679 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Sebald, H. (1981) "Franconian witchcraft: a discussion of functionalism", Deviant Behaviour, 2: 349-370.

Seltzer, R. & McCormick, J. (1987) "The impact of crime victimisation and fear of crime on attitudes toward death penalty defendants", Violence and Victims, 2 (2): 99-114

Semmens, N. (2001) "The relationship between accuracy and confidence in survey-based research: Findings from a pilot study on the fear of crime", International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 4 (3): 173-182.

Semmens, N., Dillane, J. & Ditton, J. (2002) "Preliminary findings on seasonality and the fear of crime: A research note", British Journal of Criminology, 42 (4): 798-806.

Sessar, K. (1990) "The forgotten nonvictim", International Review of Victimology, 1: 113-132.

Shapland, J. and Vagg, J. (1985) Social control and policing in rural and urban areas, Oxford Centre for Criminological Research, University of Oxford.

Shapland, J. & Vagg, J. (1988) Policing by the public, Routledge, London.

Shapland, J. (1984) "Victims, the criminal justice system and compensation", British Journal of Criminology, 24 (2): 131-149.

Shapland, J. (1988) "Fiefs and peasants: Accomplishing change for victims in the criminal justice system", Ch 19, pp. 187-194 in M. Maguire & J. Pointing (eds) (1988) Victims of crime: A new deal? OUP, Milton Keynes.

Sharp, P. & Dodder, R. (1985) "Victimisation and the fear of crime: Some consequences by age and sex", International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 22 (1 & 2): 149-161.

Sheley, J. & Ashkins, C. (1981) "Crime, crime news, and crime views", Public Opinion Quarterly, 45: 492-506.

Sheley, J., Brody, C., Wright, J. & Williams, M. (1994) "Women and Handguns: Evidence from National Surveys 1973-1991", Social Science Research, 23: 219-235.

Sherman, E., Newman, E. & Nelson, A. (1975) "Incidence and fears of crime among elderly tenants", Ch. 6, pp. 67-73 in J. Goldsmith and S. Goldsmith (eds) Crime and the elderly: Challenge and response, Lexington, Toronto.

Sherman, R. (1994) "Crime's toll on the US: Fear, despair and guns", National Law Journal, April: 18-20.

Shotland, R., Hayward, S., Young, C. Signorella, M., Mindingall, K., Kennedy, J., Rovine, M. & Danowitz, E. (1979) "Fear of crime in residential communities", Criminology, 17 (1): 34-45.

Shotland, R. & Goodstein, L. (1984) "The role of bystanders in crime control", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 9-26.

Siegel, J., Golding, J., Stein, J., Burnam, M. & Sorenson, S. (1990) "Reactions to sexual assault: A community study", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5 (2): 229-246.

Silverman, E. & Della-Giustina, J. (2001) "Urban policing and the fear of crime" Urban Studies, 38 (5/6): 941-957.

Silverman, R. & Kennedy, L. (1985) "Loneliness, satisfaction and fear of crime: A test for non-recursive effects", Canadian Journal of Criminology, 27 (1): 1-13.

Sims, B. (1996) "The national opinion survey on crime and justice - 1995", Ch. 13, pp. 170-203 in T. Flanagan & D. Longmire (eds) Americans view crime and justice: A national public opinion survey, Sage, London, 1996.

Skogan, W. (1977) "Public policy and the fear of crime in large American cities", Ch. 1, pp. 1-18 in J. Gardiner (ed) Public law and public policy, Praeger, New York, 1977.

Skogan, W. (1977a) "Dimensions of the dark figure of unreported crime", Crime & Delinquency, 23: 41-50.

Skogan, W. & Klecka, W. (1977) The fear of crime, The American Political Science Association, Washington DC.

Skogan, W. (1981) "Assessing the behavioral context of victimisation", Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 72 (2): 727-742.

Skogan, W. (1981a) "On attitudes and behaviours", Ch 1, pp. 19-45 in D. A. Lewis (ed), Reactions to crime, Sage, London.

Skogan, W. & Maxfield, M. (1981) Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions, Sage, London.

Skogan, W. (1986) "Fear of crime and neighborhood change", pp 203-229 in A. J. Reiss and M. Tonry (eds) Communities and crime, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Skogan, W. (1986a) "The fear of crime and its behavioural implications", pp. 167-190 in E. Fattah (ed) From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system, Macmillan, NY, 1986.

Skogan, W. (1986b) "Methodological issues in the study of victimisation", pp. 80-116 in E. Fattah (ed) From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system, Macmillan, NY.

Skogan, W. (1986c) "The impact of victimisation on fear", Crime & Delinquency, 33 (1): 135-54.

Skogan, W. & Wycroff, M. (1987) "Some unexpected effects of a police service for victims" Crime &Delinquency, 33: 491-501.

Skogan, W. (1988) "Disorder, crime and community decline" in in T. Hope & M. Shaw (eds) Communities and crime reduction, HMSO, London.

Skogan, W. (1990) Disorder and decline, New York, Free Press.

Skogan, W. (1993) "The various meanings of fear", pp. 131-140 in Bilsky, W., Pfeiffer, C. & Wetzels, P. (eds) (1993) Fear of crime and criminal victimisation, Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.

Skogan, W. (1995) "Crime and the racial fears of white Americans", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539: 59-71.

Smale, G. & Spickenheuer, H. (1979) "Feelings of guilt and need for retaliation in victims of serious crimes against property and persons", Victimology, 4 (1): 75-85.

Smith, D. & Patterson, E. (1984) "Applications and a generalization of MIMIC models to criminological research" Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21: 333-352.

Smith, L. (1989a) "Concerns about rape", Home Office Research Study No.106, HMSO, London.

Smith, L. (1989b) "Domestic violence: An overview of the literature", Home Office Research Study No.107, HMSO, London.

Smith, L. & Hill, G. (1991) "Victimisation and fear of crime", Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 18 (2): 217-239.

Smith, L. & Hill, G. (1991b) "Perceptions of crime seriousness and fear of crime" Sociological Focus, 24: 315-327.

Smith, B. & Huff, C. (1982) "Crime in the country: The vulnerability and victimisation of rural citizens", Journal of Criminal Justice, 10: 271-82.

Smith, M. (1988) "Women's fear of violent crime: An exploratory test of a feminist hypothesis", Journal of Family Violence, 3 (1): 29-38.

Smith, M. (1989) "Woman abuse: The case for surveys by telephone", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4 (3): 308-324.

Smith, S. (1984) "Crime in the News", British Journal of Criminology, 24 (3): 289-295.

Smith, S. (1985) "News and the dissemination of fear" in J. Burgess & J. Gold (eds) Geography, the media and popular culture, Croom Helm, London.

Smith, S. (1986) Crime, space & society, Cambridge, CUP.

Smith, S. (1987) "Fear of crime: Beyond a geography of deviance", Progress in Human Geography, 11: 1-23.

Smith, S. (1989) "Social relations, neighbourhood structure and the fear of crime in Britain", Ch 10, pp. 193-227 in D. J. Evans & D. T. Herbert (eds) The geography of crime, London, Routledge.

Smith, W. & Torstensson, M. (1997) "Gender differences in risk perception and neutralising fear of crime" British Journal of Criminology, 37 (4): 608-634.

Southgate, P. (1984) "Crime and attitude surveys as an aid to policing", Home Office Research Bulletin, 18: 16-18.

Sorenson, S. & Golding, J. (1990) "Depressive sequelae of recent criminal victimisation", Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3 (3): 337-350.

Spalek, B. (1995) "Trust as ideology - exploring fear of white-collar crime", Mimeo, paper presented to the British Criminology Conference, Loughborough.

Sparks, G. & Ogles, R. (1990) "The difference between fear of victimisation and the probability of being victimised: Implications for cultivation", Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34 (3): 351-358.

Sparks, R., Genn, H. and Dodd, D. (1977) Surveying victims: A study of the measurement of criminal victimisation, Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Sparks, R. (1981) "Surveys of victimisation - an optimistic assessment", pp. 1-60 in M. Tonry & N. Morris (eds) Crime and justice: An annual review of research, Vol. 3, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Sparks, R. (1992a) "Reason and unreason in 'left realism': Some problems in the constitution of the fear of crime" in R. Matthews & J. Young (eds) Issues in realist criminology, Sage, London.

Sparks, R. (1992b) Television and the drama of crime: Moral tales and the place of crime in public life, Open University Press, Buckingham.

Sparks, R., Girling, E. & Loader, I. (2001) "Fear and everyday urban lives", Urban Studies, 38 (5/6): 885-98.

Spencer, J. & Ward, D. (1993) "Economic considerations of victimisation", Mimeo, paper presented to the British Criminology Conference, Cardiff.

Sprott, J. & Doob, A. (1997) "Fear, victimisation, and attitudes to sentencing, the courts, and the police", Canadian Journal of Criminology, 39 (3): 275-291.

Stadler-Griesemer, H. (1991) A victim survey in the Swiss canton Uri in 1984", pp419-440 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Stafford, M. & Galle, O. (1984) "Victimisation rates, exposure to risk, and fear of crime", Criminology, 22(2): 173-185.

Stanko, E. (1985) Intimate intrusions: Women's experience of male violence, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.

Stanko, E. (1987) "Typical violence, normal precaution: Men, women and interpersonal violence in England, Wales, Scotland and the USA" in J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (eds) Women, violence and social control, Macmillan, London.

Stanko, E. (1988) "Hidden violence against women" in M. Maguire & J. Ponting (eds) Victims of crime: A new deal? Open University Press, Milton Keynes.

Stanko, E. (1988a) "Fear of crime and the myth of the safe home: A feminist critique of criminology", Ch. 3, pp. 75-88 in K. Bogra (ed) Feminist perspectives on wife abuse, Sage, London.

Stanko, E. (1990) "When precaution is normal: A feminist critique of crime prevention", in Gelsthorpe, L. & Morris, A. (eds) Feminist perspectives in criminology, OUP, Milton Keynes.

Stanko, E. (1990a) Everyday violence: Women's and men's experience of personal danger, Pandora Press, London.

Stanko, E. (1992) "The case of fearful women: Gender, personal safety and fear of crime", Women & Criminal Justice, 4 (1): 117-135.

Stanko, E. & Hobdell, K. (1993) "Assaults on men: Masculinity and male violence" British Journal of Criminology, 33: 400-451.

Stanko, E. (1995) "Women, crime, and fear", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539: 46-58.

Stanko, E. (1996) "Warnings to women: Police advice and women's safety in Britain", Violence Against Women, 2 (1): 5-24.

Stanko, E. (1997) "Safety talk: Conceptualising women's risk assessment as a 'technology of the soul', Theoretical Criminology, 1 (4): 479-499.

Stanko, E. & Curry, P. (1997) "Homophobic violence and the self 'at risk': interrogating the boundaries", Social and Legal Studies, 6 (4): 513-532.

Stanko, E. (2000) "Naturalising danger: Women, fear and personal safety", Ch. 8, pp. 147-163 in M. Brown and J. Pratt (eds) Dangerous offenders: Punishment and social order, Routledge, London.

Stanko, E. (2000a) "Victims R Us: The life history of 'fear of crime' and the politicisation of violence", pp. 13-30 in T. Hope & R. Sparks (eds) Crime, Risk and Insecurity, Routledge, London.

 

Steketee, G. & Foa, E. (1987) "Rape victims: Post-traumatic stress response and their treatment", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1: 69-86.

Stinchcombe, A., Adams, R., Heimer, C., Scheppere, K., Smith, T. & Taylor, D. (1980) Crime and punishment - Changing attitudes in America, Jossey-bass, San Francisco.

Sundeen, R. & Mathieu, J. (1975) "The urban elderly: environments of fear", Ch 5, pp. 51-66 in J. Goldsmith & S. Goldsmith (eds) Crime and the elderly: Challenge and response, Lexington, Toronto.

Sundeen, R. & Mathieu, J. (1976) "The fear of crime and its consequences among elderly in three urban communities", The Gerontologist, 16(3): 211-219.

Sung Joon Jang (1991) "Two dimensions of fear of victimization: A study of measurement model based on factor analysis", Mimeo, paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco.

Surette, R. (1998) Media, crime, and criminal justice: Images and realities, Wadsworth, London.

Sutton, R. & Farrall, S. (2005) "Gender, social desirable responding and the fear of crime: Are women really more anxious about crime?" British Journal of Criminology, 45 (2): 212-224.

Symonds, M. (1975) "Victims of violence: Psychological effects and aftereffects", American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 35: 19-26.

Szumski, J. (1993) "Fear of crime, social rigorism and mass media in Poland", International Review of Victimology, 2: 209-215.

Tamborini, R., Zillman, D. & Bryant, J. (1984) "Fear of victimisation: Exposure to television and perceptions of crime and fear", Ch. 18, pp. 492-513 in R. Bostrom (ed) Communication yearbook, Vol. 8, Beverly Hills, Sage.

Taub, R., Taylor, D. & Dunham, D. (1981) "Neighborhoods and safety", Ch 5, pp. 103-119 in D. Lewis, (ed) Reactions to crime, Sage Criminal Justice System Annuals, Sage, London.

Taub, R., Taylor, D. & Dunham, D. (1984) Paths of neighbourhood change: Race & crime in urban America, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Taylor, D., Scheppele, K. & Stinchcombe, A. (1979) "Salience of crime and support for harsher criminal sanctions", Social Problems, 26 (4): 413-424.

Taylor, D. , Taub, R. & Peterson, B. (1986) "Crime, community organisation, and causes of neighborhood decline", pp. 161-127 in R. Figlio, S. Hakim & R. Renegert (eds) Metropolitan crime patterns, Criminal Justice Press, New York.

Taylor, I. & Jamieson, R. (1998) "Fear of crime and fear of falling: English anxieties approaching the millennium", Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, 39 (1): 149-175.

Taylor, L. & Coles, B. (1983) "Crime and the fear of crime", New Society, 63: 336-8.

Taylor, R., Shumaker, S. & Gottfedson, S. (1985) "Neighborhood-level links between physical features and local sentiments: Deterioration, fear of crime, and confidence" Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 2: 261-275.

Taylor, R. & Shumaker, S. (1990) "Local crime as a natural hazard: Implications for understanding the relationship between disorder and the fear of crime", American Journal of Community Psychology, 18 (5): 619-641.

Taylor, R. & Covington, J. (1993) "Community structural change and fear of crime", Social Problems, 40 (3): 374-397.

Taylor, R., Gottfredson, S. & Brower, S. (1984) "Block crime and fear: Defensible space, local social ties, and territorial functioning", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21 (4): 303-331.

Taylor, R. & Hale, M. (1986) "Testing alternative models of fear of crime", The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 77 (1): 151-189.

Taylor, R. & Kurtz, Ellen (1997) "Differential impacts of incivilities on reactions to crime: results from five cities", Mimeo, paper presented to American Society of Criminology annual meeting, San Diego.

Taylor, R. (1998) "Crime, grime, fear and decline: A longitudinal look", Mimeo.

Taylor, R. (2002) "Fear of crime, social ties, and collective efficacy: Maybe masquerading measurement, maybe déjà vu all over again", Justice Quarterly, 19 (1): 773-792.

Taylor, S., Wood, J. & Lichtman, R. (1983) "It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimisation", Journal of Social Issues, 39 (2): 19-40.

Teevan, J. & Hartnagel, T. (1976) "The effect of television violence on the perceptions of crime by adolescents", Sociology and Social Research, 60: 337-348.

Teske, R. & Hazlett, M. (1988) "A scale for the measurement of fear of crime", American Journal of Criminal Justice, 12 (2): 274-292.

Thomas, C. & Hyman, J. (1977) "Perceptions of crime, fear of victimisation, and public perceptions of police performance", Journal of Police Science and Administration, 5 (3): 305-317.

Thompson, C., Bankston, W. & St. Pierre, R. (1991) "Single female-headed households, handgun possession, and the fear of crime", Sociological Spectrum, 11: 231-244.

Thompson, C., Bankston, W. & St. Pierre, R. (1992) "Parity and disparity among three measures of the fear of crime: A research note", Deviant Behaviour: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13:3 73-89.

Tien, J. O'Donnell, V., Barnett, A. & Mirchandane, P. (1977) Street lighting projects, National Evaluation Program, NILECJ, LEAA, US Department of Justice.

Tontodonato, P. & Eerz, E. (1994) "Crime, punishment, and victim distress", International Review of Victimology, 3: 33-55.

Toseland, R. (1982) "Fear of crime: Who is most vulnerable?" Journal of Criminal Justice, 10: 199-209.

Trench, S. (1991) "Reclaiming the night", Town & Country Planning, 60 (8): 235-239.

Trickett, A., Osborn, D. R., Seymour, J. & Pease, K. (1992) "What is different about high crime areas?" British Journal of Criminology, 32 (1): 81-89.

Trickett, A., Osborn, D. & Ellingworth, D. (1995) "Property crime victimisation: The roles of individual and area influences", International Review of Victimology, 3: 273-295.

Trojanowicz, R. (1986) "Evaluating a neighborhood foot patrol program" in D. Rosenbaum (ed) Community crime prevention: Does it work? Sage, London.

Tseloni, A. & Osborn, D. (1995) "Modelling the number of household property violations", Mimeo.

Tseloni, A., Osborn, D. & Pease, K. (1994) "The modelling of threats: Evidence from the British Crime Survey", International Review of Victimology, 3: 235-261.

Tsai, M., Feldman-Summers, S. & Edgar, M. (1979) "Childhood molestation: Variables related to differential impacts on psychosexual functioning in adult women", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88: 407-417.

Tulloch, J., Lupton, D., Blood, W., Tulloch, M., Jennett, C. & Enders, M. (1999) Fear of crime, Attorney-General's Department, Canberra.

Tulloch, M. (2000) "The meaning of age differences in the fear of crime: Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches", British Journal of Criminology, 40 (3): 451-467.

Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1971) "Belief in the law of small numbers", Psychological Bulletin, 76 (2): 105-110.

Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1973) "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability", Cognitive Psychology, 5: 207-232.

Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974) "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases", Science, 185: 1124-1131.

Tyler, T. (1980) "Impact of directly and indirectly experienced events: The origin of crime-related judgements and behaviours", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (1): 13-28.

Tyler, T. (1984) "Assessing the risk of crime victimisation: The integration of personal victimisation experience and socially transmitted information", Journal of Social Issues, 40 (1): 27-38.

Tyler, T. & Cook, F. (1984) "The mass media and judgements of risk: Distinguishing impact on personal and societal level judgements", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47 (4): 693-708.

Tyler, T. & Rasinski, K. (1984) "Comparing psychological images of the social perceiver: Role of perceived informativeness, memorability, and affect in mediating the impact of crime victimisation", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46 (2): 308-329.

Ullman, S. (1994) "A situational model of rape avoidance: Review and critique of empirical studies", Mimeo, paper presented to the American Society of Criminology, Miami.

Valentine, G. (1989) "The geography of women's fear", Area, 21 (4): 385-390.

van der Veen, A. (1993) "Aspects of reliability: The 1:5 year ratio", pp. 153-161 in del Frate, A., Zvekic, U. & van Dijk, J [eds] (1993) Understanding crime: Experiences of crime and crime control, UNICRI, Rome.

van der Wurff, A. & Stringer, P. (1988) "Measuring fear of crime in residential surroundings", in Stephenson, L. G., Sozzka, L., Jesuino, C. & Cantor, D. (eds) Environmental social psychology, The Hague, Nijof.

van der Wurff, A., van Staalduinen, L. & Stringer, P. (1989) "Fear of crime in residential environments: Testing a social psychological model", Journal of Social Psychology, 129 (2):141-60.

van Dijk, J. & Steinmetz, C. (1983) "Victimisation surveys: Beyond measuring the volume of crime", Victimology, 8: 291-309.

van Dijk, J. (1991) "On the uses of local, national and international crime surveys", pp. 235-264 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

van Dijk, J. (ed) (1985) Research on victimisation, Council of Europe Collected Studies in Criminological Research, Vol 23, Strasbourg.

van Dijk, J. (1997) "Towards a research-based crime reduction policy", European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 5 (3): 13-27.

van Wijk, J. (1987) "Making safe the streets of Amsterdam", Town & Country Planning, October: 266-7.

Vander Ven, T. (1998) "Fear of victimisation and the interactional construction of harassment in a Latino neighborhood", Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 27 (3): 374-398.

Varnava, T. (1995) "Fear of crime: A new perspective", Mimeo, paper presented to the British Criminology Conference, Loughborough.

Veronen, L. & Kilpatrick, D. (1980) "Self-reported fears of rape victims", Behaviour Modification, 4 (3): 383-396.

Villmow, B. (1985) "Implications of research on victimisation for criminal and social policy", pp. 105-142 in van Dijk, J. (ed) (1985), Research on victimisation, Collected Studies in Criminological Research, Vol. 23.

Vrij, A. & Winkel, F. (1991) "Characteristics of the built environment and fear of crime: A research note on interventions in unsafe locations", Deviant Behaviour, 12: 203-215.

Wakshlag, J., Vial, V. & Tamborini, R. (1983) "Selecting crime drama and apprehension about crime", Human Communication Research, 10 (2): 227-242.

Walker, M. (1983) "Self-reported crime studies and the British Crime Survey", The Howard Journal, XXII: 168-176.

Walker, M. (1994) "Measuring concern about crime: Some inter-racial comparisons", British Journal of Criminology, 34 (3): 366-378.

Walklate, S. (1989) Victimology: The victim and the criminal justice process, Unwin Hyman, London.

Walklate, S. (1992) "Appreciating the victim: Conventional, realist or critical victimology?", Ch. 5, pp. 102-118 in R. Matthews & J. Young (eds) Issues in realist criminology.

Walklate, S. (1997) "Risk and criminal victimisation: A modernist dilemma", British Journal of Criminology, 37 (1): 35-45.

Walklate, S. (1998) "Crime and community: Fear or trust?" British Journal of Sociology, 49 (4): 550-569.

Walklate, S. (1998a) "Excavating the fear of crime: Fear, anxiety or trust?" Theoretical Criminology, 2 (4): 403-418.

Walklate, S. (1998b) "'No More Excuses!': Young people, victims and making amends", Policy Studies, 19 (3/4): 213-222.

Wanner, R. & Caputo, T. (1987) "Punitiveness, fear of crime, and perceptions of violence", Canadian Journal of Sociology, 12 (4):3 31-344.

Ward, R., LaGory, M. & Sherman, S. (1986) "Fear of crime among the elderly as person/environment interaction", The Sociological Quarterly, 27 (3): 27-341.

Warr, M. (1980) "The accuracy of public beliefs about crime", Social Forces, 59 (2): 456-470.

Warr, M. (1982) "The accuracy of public beliefs about crime: Further evidence", Criminology, 20 (2): 185-204.

Warr, M. & Stafford, M. (1983) "Fear of victimisation: A look at the proximate causes", Social Forces, 61 (4): 1033-1043.

Warr, M. (1984) "Fear of victimisation: Why are women and the elderly more afraid?" Social Science Quarterly, 65: 681-702.

Warr, M. (1985) "Fear of rape among urban women" Social Problems, 32: 238-250.

Warr, M. (1987) "Fear of victimisation and sensitivity to risk", Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3 (1): 29-46.

Warr, M. (1989) "What is the perceived seriousness of crimes?" Criminology, 27: 795-821.

Warr, M. (1990) "Dangerous situations: Social context and fear of victimization", Social Forces, 68(3): 891-907.

Warr, M. (1995) "Public opinion on crime and punishment", Public Opinion Quarterly, 59: 296-310.

Warr, M. & Ellison, C. (2000) "Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in family households", American Journal of Sociology, 106 (3): 551-578.

Wayne, I. & Rubel, R. (1982) "Student fear in secondary schools", The Urban Review, 14 (3): 197-237.

Weaver, J. & Wakshlag, J. (1986) "Perceived vulnerability to crime, criminal victimisation experience, and television viewing", Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30 (2): 141-158.

Webster, C. (1995) "Youth crime, victimisation and racial harassment: Aspects of the Keighley crime survey", Mimeo, paper presented to the British Criminology Conference, Loughborough.

Weinrath, M. & Gartrell, J. (1996) "Victimisation and fear of crime", Violence and Victims, 11 (3): 187-197.

Weisburd, D. & Eck, J. (2004) "What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear?" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593 (May): 42-65.

 

Wells, G. & Petty, R. (1980) "The effects of overt head movements on persuasion: Compatibility and incompatibility of responses", Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1 (3): 219-230.

Welsh, W., Greene, J. & Jenkins, P. (1998) "Effects of school climate on measures of student fear, victimisation and offending", Mimeo, paper presented to American Society of Criminology, Washington DC.

Wetzels, P., Ohlemacher, T., Pfeiffer, C. & Strobl, R. (1994) "Victimisation surveys: Recent developments and perspectives", European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 2 (4): 14-35.

White, M., Kasl, S., Zahner, G. & Will, J. (1987) "Perceived crime in the neighborhood and mental health of women and children", Environment and Behaviour, 19 (5): 588-613.

Wideman, J. (1971) "Fear in the streets", The American Scholar, 40: 611-622.

Will, J. & McGrath, J. (1995) "Crime, neighbourhood perceptions, and the underclass: The relationship between fear of crime and class position", Journal of Criminal Justice, 23 (2): 163-76.

Williams, F., McShane, M. & Akers, R. (1991) "Measuring fear of crime: The construction of a reliable scale", Mimeo, paper presented the British Criminology Conference, York.

Williams, F., McShane, M. & Akers, R. (2000) "Worry about victimisation: An alternative and reliable measure for fear of crime" Western Criminology Review, 2 (2), http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v2n2/williams.html.

Williams, J., Singh, B. & Singh, B. (1994) "Urban youth, fear of crime, and resulting defensive actions", Adolescence, 29 (114): 323-330.

Williams, L., Winfree, L. & Clinton, L. (1989) "Trouble in the schoolhouse: New views on victimisation, fear of crime and teacher perceptions of the workplace", Violence and Victims, 4 (1): 27-44.

Williams, H. & Pate, A. (1986) "Returning to first principles: Reducing the fear of crime in Newark", Crime & Delinquency, 33 (1): 3-70.

Williams, P. & Dickinson, J. (1993) "'Fear of crime: read all about it?': The relationship between newspaper crime reporting and fear of crime" British Journal of Criminology, 33 (1): 33-56.

Wilson, J. (1975) Thinking about Crime, Basic Books, New York.

Wilson, J. & Kelling, G. (1982) "Broken windows", Atlantic Monthly, March: 29-38.

Wilson, J. & Kelling, G. (1989) "Making neighborhoods safe", Atlantic Monthly, February: 46-52.

Wilson, N. (1985) "'Venerable Bedfellows': Women's liberation and women's victimisation", Victimology, 10: 206-220.

Wilson, P. & Brown, J. (1973) Crime and the Community, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.

Wiltz, C. (1982) "Fear of crime, criminal victimisation and elderly blacks", Phylon: The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture, XLIII (4): 283-294.

Winkel, F. (1986) "Reducing fear of crime through police visibility: A field experiment", Criminal Justice Policy Review, 1 (4): 381-398.

Winkel, F. (1987) "Response generalisation in crime prevention campaigns", British Journal of Criminology, 27 (2): 155-173.

Winkel, F. & Vrij, A. (1990) "Fear of crime and mass media crime reports: Testing similarity hypotheses", International Review of Victimology, 1: 251-265.

Winkel, F. (1991) "Police, victims, and crime prevention", British Journal of Criminology, 31 (3): 250-265.

Winkel, F., Denkers, A. & Vrij. A. (1994) "The effects of attributions on crime victims' psychological readjustment", Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 120 (2): 147-169.

Winkel, F. & Denkers, A. (1995) "Crime victims and their social network: A field study on the cognitive effects of victimisation, attributional responses and the victim-blaming model", International Review of Victimology, 3: 309-322.

Winkel, F. (1998) "Fear of crime and criminal victimisation: Testing a theory of psychological incapacitation of the 'stressor' based on downward comparison processes" British Journal of Criminology, 38 (3): 473-484.

Wirtz, P. & Harrell, A. (1987) "Assaultive versus nonassaultive victimisation: A profile analysis of psychological response", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2 (3): 264-277.

Wirtz, P. & Harrell, A. (1987a) "Victim and crime characteristics, coping responses, and short- and long-term recovery from victimisation", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55 (6): 866-871.

Wober, J. (1978) "Televised violence and paranoid perception: The view from Great Britain", Public Opinion Quarterly, 42 (3): 315-321.

Wober, J. & Gunter, B. (1982) "Television and personal threat: Fact or artifact? A British survey", British Journal of Social Psychology, 21: 239-247.

Wolf, R. (1992) "Victimisation of the elderly: Elder abuse and neglect", Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 2: 269-276.

Wolpe, J. & Lang, P. (1964) "A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy", Behavioural Research and Therapy, 2: 27-30.

Wright, K. (1985) The Great American Crime Myth, Greenwood Press, Connecticut. Wu, B. (1997) "Correlates of public opinion toward punishment: The Taiwanese case", International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 21 (2): 119-129.

Wykes, T. & Wittington, R. (1998) "Prevalence and predictors of early traumatic stress reactions in assaulted psychiatric nurses", Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 9 (3): 643-658.

Yassen, J. & Glass, L. (1984) "Sexual assault survivors groups: A feminist practice perspective", Social Work, May/June: 252-257.

Yee, J. & Greenberg, M. (1998) "Reactions to crime victims: Effects of victims' emotional state and type of relationship", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17 (2): 209-226.

Yin, P. (1980) "Fear of crime among the elderly: Some issues and suggestions", Social Problems, 27 (4): 492-504.

Yin, P. (1982) "Fear of crime as a problem for the elderly", Social Problems, 30 (2): 240-244.

Yin, P. (1985) Victimisation and the aged, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield.

Young, J. (1988) "Risk of crime and fear of crime: The politics of victimization studies" in M. Maguire & J. Ponting (eds) Victims of crime: A new deal? Open University Press, Milton Keynes.

Young, M. (1988) "Common bonds of victimisation" The Counseling Psychologist, 16 (4): 642-646.

Young, V. (1992) "Fear of victimisation and victimisation rates among women: A paradox?" Justice Quarterly, 9 (3): 419-441.

Zamble, E. & Annesley, P. (1987) "Some determinants of public attitudes towards the police", Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15 (4): 185-290.

Zauberman, R. & Robert, P. (1990) "Victims as actors of social control: An empirical inquiry in France and some implications", International Review of Victimology, 1: 133-152.

Zauberman, R. (1991) "Various faces of the victim", pp. 567-593 in G. Kaiser, H. Kury & H-J. Albrecht (eds) Victims and criminal justice: Victimological research - stocktaking and prospects, Max Planck Institut Research Report No. 50, Freiburg, 1991.

Zhao. J., Scheider, M. & Thurman, Q. (2002) "The effect of police presence on public fear reduction and satisfaction: A review of the literature", The Justice Professional, 15 (3): 273-299.

Ziegenhagen, E. & Brosnan, D. (1990) "Citizen recourse to self protection: Structural, attitudinal and experiential factors", Criminal Justice Policy Review, 4 (2): 91-104.

Zillman, D. (1980) "Anatomy of suspense" Ch. 6, pp. 133-163 in P. Tannenbaum (ed) The entertainment functions of television, Hillsdale, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum.

Zillman, D. & Wakshlag, J. (1987) "Fear of victimization and the appeal of crime drama" in D. Zillman & J. Bryant (eds) Selective exposure to communication, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.